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Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties

Author

Listed:
  • Mia Gotovuša

    (Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Ivan Pucko

    (Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Marko Racar

    (Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Fabio Faraguna

    (Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

Biodiesel has established itself as a renewable fuel that is used in transportation worldwide and is partially or in some cases completely replacing conventional fuels. Chemically, biodiesel is a fatty acid monoalkyl ester (FAAE). Generally, the term biodiesel refers to the fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (FAME or FAEE). Herein, an overview of the research on the synthesis of FAAE in which the alkyl moiety is a C 3+ alkyl chain (branched/unbranched) is given. In addition, a comparison of the properties of the aforementioned FAAE with each other, with FAME and FAEE, and with fuel standards is given. The length of the alkyl chain has a major influence on viscosity, while pour point temperatures are generally lower when branched alcohols are used, but the fatty acid part of the molecule also has a major influence. The development of new pathways for the synthesis of higher alcohols from biomass opens a future perspective for the production of long chain FAAE as biofuels, fuel additives, or biolubricants. Due to their properties, FAAEs produced from C 3 –C 5 alcohols have the potential to be used as fuels, while all C 3+ FAAEs can be used as valuable bioadditives, and C 8+ FAAEs can be used as biolubricants and viscosity improvers.

Suggested Citation

  • Mia Gotovuša & Ivan Pucko & Marko Racar & Fabio Faraguna, 2022. "Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:4996-:d:858511
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Faraguna, Fabio & Racar, Marko & Jukić, Ante, 2019. "Test method for determination of different biodiesels (fatty acid alkyl esters) content in diesel fuel using FTIR-ATR," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1231-1235.
    2. Gotovuša, Mia & Medić, Mihovil & Faraguna, Fabio & Šibalić, Matea & Konjević, Lucija & Vuković, Jelena Parlov & Racar, Marko, 2022. "Fatty acids propyl esters: Synthesis optimization and application properties of their blends with diesel and 1-propanol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 655-664.
    3. Mansir, Nasar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Rashid, Umer & Saiman, Mohd Izham & Tan, Yen Ping & Alsultan, G. Abdulkareem & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2018. "Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3645-3655.
    4. Wang, Meng & Nie, Kaili & Yun, Feng & Cao, Hao & Deng, Li & Wang, Fang & Tan, Tianwei, 2015. "Biodiesel with low temperature properties: Enzymatic synthesis of fusel alcohol fatty acid ester in a solvent free system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1020-1025.
    5. Mohadesi, Majid & Aghel, Babak & Maleki, Mahmoud & Ansari, Ahmadreza, 2019. "Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a homogeneous catalyst: Study of semi-industrial pilot of microreactor," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 677-682.
    6. Likozar, Blaž & Levec, Janez, 2014. "Transesterification of canola, palm, peanut, soybean and sunflower oil with methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and tert-butanol to biodiesel: Modelling of chemical equilibrium, reaction kinetics ," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 108-120.
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    Cited by:

    1. Vishal Ram & Surender Reddy Salkuti, 2023. "An Overview of Major Synthetic Fuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-35, March.
    2. Wancura, João H.C. & Brondani, Michel & dos Santos, Maicon S.N. & Oro, Carolina E.D. & Wancura, Guilherme C. & Tres, Marcus V. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2023. "Demystifying the enzymatic biodiesel: How lipases are contributing to its technological advances," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).

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