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Modeling Viscosity and Density of Ethanol-Diesel-Biodiesel Ternary Blends for Sustainable Environment

Author

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  • Luqman Razzaq

    (Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (New Campus), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Farooq

    (Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (New Campus), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • M. A. Mujtaba

    (Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (New Campus), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
    Centre for Energy Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Farooq Sher

    (School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK)

  • Muhammad Farhan

    (Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering (New Campus), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Tahir Hassan

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

    (Centre for Energy Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • A. E. Atabani

    (Alternative Fuels Research Laboratory (AFRL), Energy Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey)

  • M. A. Kalam

    (Centre for Energy Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Imran

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering & Design, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK)

Abstract

Rapid depletion in fossil fuels, inflation in petroleum prices, and rising energy demand have forced towards alternative transport fuels. Among these alternative fuels, diesel-ethanol and diesel-biodiesel blends gain the most attention due to their quality characteristics and environmentally friendly nature. The viscosity and density of these biodiesel blends are slightly higher than diesel, which is a significant barrier to the commercialization of biodiesel. In this study, the density and viscosity of 30 different ternary biodiesel blends was investigated at 15 °С and 40 °С, respectively. Different density and viscosity models were developed and tested on biodiesel blends soured from different feedstock’s including palm, coconut, soybean, mustard, and calophyllum oils. The prognostic ability and precisions of these developed models was assessed statistically using Absolute Percentage Error (APE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The MAPE of 0.045% and 0.085% for density model and 1.85%, 1.41%, 3.48% and 2.27%, 1.85%, 3.50% for viscosity models were obtained on % volume and % mass basis. These developed correlations are useful for ternary biodiesel blends where alcohols are the part of biodiesel blends. The modeled values of densities and viscosities of ternary blends were significantly comparable with the measured densities and viscosities, which are feasible to avoid the harm of vehicles’ operability.

Suggested Citation

  • Luqman Razzaq & Muhammad Farooq & M. A. Mujtaba & Farooq Sher & Muhammad Farhan & Muhammad Tahir Hassan & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & A. E. Atabani & M. A. Kalam & Muhammad Imran, 2020. "Modeling Viscosity and Density of Ethanol-Diesel-Biodiesel Ternary Blends for Sustainable Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-20, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:12:p:5186-:d:376144
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