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The Degradation Behavior of LiFePO 4 /C Batteries during Long-Term Calendar Aging

Author

Listed:
  • Xin Sui

    (Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

  • Maciej Świerczyński

    (Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
    Lithium Balance A/S, 2765 Smørum, Denmark)

  • Remus Teodorescu

    (Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

  • Daniel-Ioan Stroe

    (Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark)

Abstract

With widespread applications for lithium-ion batteries in energy storage systems, the performance degradation of the battery attracts more and more attention. Understanding the battery’s long-term aging characteristics is essential for the extension of the service lifetime of the battery and the safe operation of the system. In this paper, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4) batteries were subjected to long-term (i.e., 27–43 months) calendar aging under consideration of three stress factors (i.e., time, temperature and state-of-charge (SOC) level) impact. By means of capacity measurements and resistance calculation, the battery’s long-term degradation behaviors were tracked over time. Battery aging models were established by a simple but accurate two-step nonlinear regression approach. Based on the established model, the effect of the aging temperature and SOC level on the long-term capacity fade and internal resistance increase of the battery is analyzed. Furthermore, the storage life of the battery with respect to different stress factors is predicted. The analysis results can hopefully provide suggestions for optimizing the storage condition, thereby prolonging the lifetime of batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Xin Sui & Maciej Świerczyński & Remus Teodorescu & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2021. "The Degradation Behavior of LiFePO 4 /C Batteries during Long-Term Calendar Aging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-21, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:6:p:1732-:d:521060
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zubi, Ghassan & Dufo-López, Rodolfo & Carvalho, Monica & Pasaoglu, Guzay, 2018. "The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 292-308.
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    1. Dmitry Agafonov & Aleksandr Bobyl & Aleksandr Kamzin & Alexey Nashchekin & Evgeniy Ershenko & Arseniy Ushakov & Igor Kasatkin & Vladimir Levitskii & Mikhail Trenikhin & Evgeniy Terukov, 2023. "Phase-Homogeneous LiFePO 4 Powders with Crystallites Protected by Ferric-Graphite-Graphene Composite," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-28, February.
    2. Wiesław Madej & Andrzej Wojciechowski, 2021. "Analysis of the Charging and Discharging Process of LiFePO 4 Battery Pack," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-12, July.
    3. Rajesh K. Ahluwalia & Xiaohua Wang & Dionissios D. Papadias & Andrew G. Star, 2022. "Performance and Total Cost of Ownership of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Mining Truck," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, December.
    4. Jia Guo & Yaqi Li & Kjeld Pedersen & Daniel-Ioan Stroe, 2021. "Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-22, August.
    5. Hatherall, Ollie & Barai, Anup & Niri, Mona Faraji & Wang, Zeyuan & Marco, James, 2024. "Novel battery power capability assessment for improved eVTOL aircraft landing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).

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