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Electrochemical Cell Loss Minimization in Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Half-Bridge Modules

Author

Listed:
  • Gianluca Brando

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Efstratios Chatzinikolaou

    (Energy and Power Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PA, UK)

  • Dan Rogers

    (Energy and Power Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PA, UK)

  • Ivan Spina

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

In the developing context of distributed generation and flexible smart grids, in order to realize electrochemical storage systems, Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) represent an interesting alternative to the more traditional Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs). This paper presents a novel analytical investigation of electrochemical cell power losses in MMCs and their dependence on the injected common mode voltage. Steady-state cell losses are calculated under Nearest Level Control (NLC) modulation for MMCs equipped with a large number of half-bridge modules, each directly connected to an elementary electrochemical cell. The total cell losses of both a Single Star MMC (SS-MMC) and a Double Star MMC (DS MMC) are derived and compared to the loss of a VSI working under the same conditions. An optimum common mode voltage injection law is developed, leading to the minimum cell losses possible. In the worst case, it achieves a 17.5% reduction in cell losses compared to conventional injection laws. The analysis is experimentally validated using a laboratory prototype set-up based on a two-arm SS-MMC with 12 modules per arm. The experimental results are within 2.5% of the analytical models for all cases considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Gianluca Brando & Efstratios Chatzinikolaou & Dan Rogers & Ivan Spina, 2021. "Electrochemical Cell Loss Minimization in Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Half-Bridge Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:5:p:1359-:d:508941
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gianluca Brando & Adolfo Dannier & Ivan Spina & Pietro Tricoli, 2017. "Integrated BMS-MMC Balancing Technique Highlighted by a Novel Space-Vector Based Approach for BEVs Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Zhe Wang & Hua Lin & Yajun Ma, 2019. "A Control Strategy of Modular Multilevel Converter with Integrated Battery Energy Storage System Based on Battery Side Capacitor Voltage Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-21, June.
    3. Jinke Li & Jingyuan Yin, 2019. "Fault-Tolerant Control Strategies and Capability without Redundant Sub-Modules in Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-21, May.
    4. Qian Cheng & Chenchen Wang & Jian Wang, 2020. "Analysis on Displacement Angle of Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM for Modular Multilevel Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-21, December.
    5. Shuren Wang & Fahad Saeed Alsokhiry & Grain Philip Adam, 2020. "Impact of Submodule Faults on the Performance of Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-18, August.
    6. Waqar Uddin & Kamran Zeb & Muhammad Adil Khan & Muhammad Ishfaq & Imran Khan & Saif ul Islam & Hee-Je Kim & Gwan Soo Park & Cheewoo Lee, 2019. "Control of Output and Circulating Current of Modular Multilevel Converter Using a Sliding Mode Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-22, October.
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