IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i17p5412-d625912.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Decline in Share Prices of Energy and Fuel Companies on the Warsaw Stock Exchange as a Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Beata Bieszk-Stolorz

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, University of Szczecin, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Iwona Markowicz

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, University of Szczecin, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

Many factors influence the prices of energy commodities and the value of energy and fuel companies. Among them there are the following factors: economic, social, environmental and political, and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the paper is to examine what the probability and intensity of a decrease in the prices of shares of energy and fuel companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (Poland) was during the first wave of the pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. The study used the survival analysis methods: the Kaplan-Meier estimator, the test of equality of duration curves and the Cox non-proportional hazards model. The analysis showed that the probability and intensity of price decline of energy and fuel companies in the initial period was the same as that of other companies. The differences become apparent only after 50 days from the established maximum of their value. The risk of price declines in energy and fuel companies increased significantly. This situation was related both to a temporary reduction in demand for energy and fuels, pandemic restrictions introduced in individual countries and the behaviour of stock market investors.

Suggested Citation

  • Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Iwona Markowicz, 2021. "Decline in Share Prices of Energy and Fuel Companies on the Warsaw Stock Exchange as a Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:17:p:5412-:d:625912
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5412/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/17/5412/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Topcu, Mert & Gulal, Omer Serkan, 2020. "The impact of COVID-19 on emerging stock markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    2. Niesten, Eva & Jolink, Albert & Chappin, Maryse, 2018. "Investments in the Dutch onshore wind energy industry: A review of investor profiles and the impact of renewable energy subsidies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2519-2525.
    3. Krzysztof Dmytrów & Joanna Landmesser & Beata Bieszk-Stolorz, 2021. "The Connections between COVID-19 and the Energy Commodities Prices: Evidence through the Dynamic Time Warping Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-23, July.
    4. Al-Awadhi, Abdullah M. & Alsaifi, Khaled & Al-Awadhi, Ahmad & Alhammadi, Salah, 2020. "Death and contagious infectious diseases: Impact of the COVID-19 virus on stock market returns," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    5. Aviad Navon & Ram Machlev & David Carmon & Abiodun Emmanuel Onile & Juri Belikov & Yoash Levron, 2021. "Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Energy Systems and Electric Power Grids—A Review of the Challenges Ahead," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-14, February.
    6. Luis M. Abadie, 2021. "Energy Market Prices in Times of COVID-19: The Case of Electricity and Natural Gas in Spain," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-17, March.
    7. Farhan Ahmed & Aamir Aijaz Syed & Muhammad Abdul Kamal & Maria de las Nieves López-García & Jose Pedro Ramos-Requena & Swati Gupta, 2021. "Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stock and Commodity Markets Performance and Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of South Asian Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-16, May.
    8. Hui Hong & Zhicun Bian & Chien-Chiang Lee, 2021. "COVID-19 and instability of stock market performance: evidence from the U.S," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-18, December.
    9. Raphael Bointner & Simon Pezzutto & Gianluca Grilli & Wolfram Sparber, 2016. "Financing Innovations for the Renewable Energy Transition in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-16, November.
    10. Himadri Rajput & Rahil Changotra & Prachi Rajput & Sneha Gautam & Anjani R. K. Gollakota & Amarpreet Singh Arora, 2021. "A shock like no other: coronavirus rattles commodity markets," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6564-6575, May.
    11. Ayad Hicham, 2021. "Oil Prices and the Algerian Exchange Rate: Is there any Difference with Hidden Co-Integration?," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 21(1), pages 1-17, June.
    12. Samet Ozturk & Vasilis Fthenakis & Stefan Faulstich, 2018. "Assessing the Factors Impacting on the Reliability of Wind Turbines via Survival Analysis—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-20, November.
    13. Tae-Woo Kim & Yenjae Chang & Dae-Wook Kim & Man-Keun Kim, 2020. "Preventive Maintenance and Forced Outages in Power Plants in Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-12, July.
    14. Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak & Zbigniew Łosiewicz, 2021. "Analysis of the Development of the Electromobility Market in Poland in the Context of the Implemented Subsidies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, January.
    15. Yiwen Cui & Lei Li & Zijie Tang, 2021. "Risk Analysis of China Stock Market During Economic Downturns–Based on GARCH-VaR and Wavelet Transformation Approaches," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 11(4), pages 322-336, April.
    16. Yilmaz Bayar & Mahmut Unsal Sasmaz & Mehmet Hilmi Ozkaya, 2020. "Impact of Trade and Financial Globalization on Renewable Energy in EU Transition Economies: A Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    17. Elzbieta Roszko-Wojtowicz & Maria M. Grzelak, 2021. "Multi-dimensional analysis of regional investment attractiveness in Poland," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 16(1), pages 103-138, March.
    18. Pablo Benalcazar & Adam Suski & Jacek Kamiński, 2020. "The Effects of Capital and Energy Subsidies on the Optimal Design of Microgrid Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    19. Jonas Meckling & Thomas Sterner & Gernot Wagner, 2017. "Policy sequencing toward decarbonization," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 2(12), pages 918-922, December.
    20. Rui Dias & Nuno Teixeira & Veronika Machova & Pedro Pardal & Jakub Horak & Marek Vochozka, 2020. "Random walks and market efficiency tests: evidence on US, Chinese and European capital markets within the context of the global Covid-19 pandemic," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 11(4), pages 585-608, December.
    21. Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis & Kyle J. Kost & Marco C. Sammon & Tasaneeya Viratyosin, 2020. "The Unprecedented Stock Market Impact of COVID-19," NBER Working Papers 26945, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    22. Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska & Kentaka Aruga, 2020. "Energy Prices and COVID-Immunity: The Case of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Prices in the US and Japan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-17, November.
    23. Xiaojuan Wu & Dana Dluhošová & Zdeněk Zmeškal, 2021. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability: The Moderating Role of Firm Type in Chinese Appliance Listed Companies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, January.
    24. Kireyev, A. & Ferrer, J., 2021. "Economic policies in a pandemic," Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, vol. 49(1), pages 185-192.
    25. Adrian R. Pagan & Kirill A. Sossounov, 2003. "A simple framework for analysing bull and bear markets," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(1), pages 23-46.
    26. Noah Kittner & Felix Lill & Daniel M. Kammen, 2017. "Energy storage deployment and innovation for the clean energy transition," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 2(9), pages 1-6, September.
    27. Iwona Markowicz & Pawel Baran, 2020. "A new method for calculating mirror data asymmetry in international trade," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 11(4), pages 637-656, December.
    28. Maksymilian Przygrodzki & Paweł Kubek, 2020. "The Polish Practice of Probabilistic Approach in Power System Development Planning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, December.
    29. Harding, Don & Pagan, Adrian, 2002. "Dissecting the cycle: a methodological investigation," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(2), pages 365-381, March.
    30. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Iwona Markowicz, 2019. "Analysis of Performance of the Warsaw Stock Exchange Companies from Finance Macrosector in Periods of Crisis," Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, in: Waldemar Tarczyński & Kesra Nermend (ed.), Effective Investments on Capital Markets, chapter 0, pages 3-16, Springer.
    31. Madurai Elavarasan, Rajvikram & Shafiullah, GM & Raju, Kannadasan & Mudgal, Vijay & Arif, M.T. & Jamal, Taskin & Subramanian, Senthilkumar & Sriraja Balaguru, V.S. & Reddy, K.S. & Subramaniam, Umashan, 2020. "COVID-19: Impact analysis and recommendations for power sector operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    32. Pedro Pardal & Rui Dias & Petr Suler & Nuno Teixeira & Tomas Krulicky, 2020. "Integration in Central European capital markets in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 15(4), pages 627-650, December.
    33. Liliana Gonzalez & Philip Hoang & John G. Powell Massey & Jing Shi, 2006. "Defining and Dating Bull and Bear Markets: Two Centuries of Evidence," Multinational Finance Journal, Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 10(1-2), pages 81-116, March-Jun.
    34. Michał Buszko & Witold Orzeszko & Marcin Stawarz, 2021. "COVID-19 pandemic and stability of stock market—A sectoral approach," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(5), pages 1-26, May.
    35. Khurram Shehzad & Umer Zaman & Xiaoxing Liu & Jarosław Górecki & Carlo Pugnetti, 2021. "Examining the Asymmetric Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Financial Crisis on Dow Jones and Oil Price Shock," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, April.
    36. Samet Gunay & Walid Bakry & Somar Al-Mohamad, 2021. "The Australian Stock Market’s Reaction to the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Black Summer Bushfires: A Sectoral Analysis," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-19, April.
    37. Halkos, George E. & Tsirivis, Apostolos S., 2019. "Effective energy commodity risk management: Econometric modeling of price volatility," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 234-250.
    38. Joanna Olbrys & Elzbieta Majewska, 2021. "Extracting Common Factors from Liquidity Measures with Principal Component Analysis on the Polish Stock Market," Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, in: Nicholas Tsounis & Aspasia Vlachvei (ed.), Advances in Longitudinal Data Methods in Applied Economic Research, pages 109-122, Springer.
    39. Chiaramonti, David & Maniatis, Kyriakos, 2020. "Security of supply, strategic storage and Covid19: Which lessons learnt for renewable and recycled carbon fuels, and their future role in decarbonizing transport?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    40. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Krzysztof Dmytrów, 2021. "A survival analysis in the assessment of the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the probability and intensity of decline in the value of stock indices," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 11(2), pages 363-379, June.
    41. Mazur, Mieszko & Dang, Man & Vega, Miguel, 2021. "COVID-19 and the march 2020 stock market crash. Evidence from S&P1500," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    42. Stoupos, Nikolaos & Kiohos, Apostolos, 2021. "Energy commodities and advanced stock markets: A post-crisis approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    43. Emilio Ghiani & Marco Galici & Mario Mureddu & Fabrizio Pilo, 2020. "Impact on Electricity Consumption and Market Pricing of Energy and Ancillary Services during Pandemic of COVID-19 in Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-19, July.
    44. Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Mokni, Khaled & Ben-Salha, Ousama & Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen, 2021. "Distributional predictability between oil prices and renewable energy stocks: Is there a role for the COVID-19 pandemic?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    45. Md. Bokhtiar Hasan & Masnun Mahi & Tapan Sarker & Md. Ruhul Amin, 2021. "Spillovers of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Global Economic Activity, the Stock Market, and the Energy Sector," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-18, May.
    46. Takyi, Paul Owusu & Bentum-Ennin, Isaac, 2021. "The impact of COVID-19 on stock market performance in Africa: A Bayesian structural time series approach," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    47. Yiwen Cui & Lei Li & Zijie Tang, 2021. "Risk Analysis of China Stock Market During Economic Downturns–Based on GARCH-VaR and Wavelet Transformation Approaches," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 11(4), pages 322-336.
    48. Krzysztof Dmytrow & Beata Bieszk-Stolorz, 2019. "Mutual relationships between the unemployment rate and the unemployment duration in the Visegrad Group countries in years 2001–2017," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 14(1), pages 129-148, March.
    49. Paola Clerici Maestosi & Maria Beatrice Andreucci & Paolo Civiero, 2021. "Sustainable Urban Areas for 2030 in a Post-COVID-19 Scenario: Focus on Innovative Research and Funding Frameworks to Boost Transition towards 100 Positive Energy Districts and 100 Climate-Neutral Citi," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, January.
    50. Santiago, I. & Moreno-Munoz, A. & Quintero-Jiménez, P. & Garcia-Torres, F. & Gonzalez-Redondo, M.J., 2021. "Electricity demand during pandemic times: The case of the COVID-19 in Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PA).
    51. Monique Wit & Esther Schouten, 2006. "CSR in the Extractive Industry: An Integrated Approach," Springer Books, in: Jan Jonker & Marco Witte (ed.), Management Models for Corporate Social Responsibility, chapter 3, pages 19-27, Springer.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Iwona Markowicz & Paweł Baran, 2022. "Duration of Trade Relationships of Polish Enterprises on the Intra-Community Market: The Case of Vehicles and Automotive Parts Trade," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Iwona Markowicz, 2021. "Risk of Decline in Share Prices of Energy and Fuel Sector on the Warsaw Stock Exchange During the Two Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 977-996.
    3. Tamara Backović & Vesna Karadžić & Sergej Gričar & Štefan Bojnec, 2023. "Montenegrin Stock Exchange Market on a Short-Term Perspective," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-18, June.
    4. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Iwona Markowicz, 2022. "Changes in Share Prices of Macrosector Companies on the Warsaw Stock Exchange as a Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    5. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Krzysztof Dmytrów, 2022. "Assessment of the Similarity of the Situation in the EU Labour Markets and Their Changes in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, March.
    6. Agnieszka Joanna Drzymala & Ewa Korzeniewska, 2022. "Impact of the Self-Consumption of Electricity on the Profitability of the Investment into a Photovoltaic Installation: The Case of a Company in Poland," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2), pages 316-332.
    7. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Iwona Markowicz, 2022. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Situation of the Unemployed in Poland. A Study Using Survival Analysis Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, October.
    8. Małgorzata Łatuszyńska & Kesra Nermend, 2022. "Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools—An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-5, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Iwona Markowicz, 2021. "Risk of Decline in Share Prices of Energy and Fuel Sector on the Warsaw Stock Exchange During the Two Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 977-996.
    2. Indre Siksnelyte-Butkiene, 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic to the Sustainability of the Energy Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Krzysztof Dmytrów & Joanna Landmesser & Beata Bieszk-Stolorz, 2021. "The Connections between COVID-19 and the Energy Commodities Prices: Evidence through the Dynamic Time Warping Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-23, July.
    4. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Krzysztof Dmytrów, 2021. "Evaluation of Changes on World Stock Exchanges in Connection with the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Survival Analysis Methods," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-19, June.
    5. Prelorentzos, Arsenios-Georgios N. & Konstantakis, Konstantinos N. & Michaelides, Panayotis G. & Xidonas, Panos & Goutte, Stephane & Thomakos, Dimitrios D., 2024. "Introducing the GVAR-GARCH model: Evidence from financial markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    6. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Krzysztof Dmytrów, 2022. "Assessment of the Similarity of the Situation in the EU Labour Markets and Their Changes in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, March.
    7. Piotr Olczak & Dominik Kryzia & Dominika Matuszewska & Marta Kuta, 2021. "“My Electricity” Program Effectiveness Supporting the Development of PV Installation in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, January.
    8. Lazo, Joaquín & Aguirre, Gerson & Watts, David, 2022. "An impact study of COVID-19 on the electricity sector: A comprehensive literature review and Ibero-American survey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    9. Zaheda Daruwala, 2022. "Reactive or Immune: Stock Market Behaviour During Subsequent Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 12(6), pages 92-106, November.
    10. Ding, Haoyuan & Pu, Bo & Ying, Jiezhou, 2023. "Direct and spillover portfolio effects of COVID-19," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    11. Emre Cevik & Buket Kirci Altinkeski & Emrah Ismail Cevik & Sel Dibooglu, 2022. "Investor sentiments and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-34, December.
    12. García, Sebastián & Parejo, Antonio & Personal, Enrique & Ignacio Guerrero, Juan & Biscarri, Félix & León, Carlos, 2021. "A retrospective analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on energy consumption at a disaggregated level," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    13. Jialei Jiang & Eun-Mi Park & Seong-Taek Park, 2021. "The Impact of the COVID-19 on Economic Sustainability—A Case Study of Fluctuation in Stock Prices for China and South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-17, June.
    14. ATM Adnan & Sameer Al Johani, 2023. "Stock Market Reaction to COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Industry Analysis in Frontier Market," IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, , vol. 12(2), pages 157-181, July.
    15. Semei Coronado & Jose N. Martinez & Victor Gualajara & Rafael Romero-Meza & Omar Rojas, 2023. "Time-Varying Granger Causality of COVID-19 News on Emerging Financial Markets: The Latin American Case," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-18, January.
    16. Wang, Zhixuan & Dong, Yanli & Liu, Ailan, 2022. "How does China's stock market react to supply chain disruptions from COVID-19?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    17. Ihle, Rico & Bar-Nahum, Ziv & Nivievskyi, Oleg & Rubin, Ofir D., 2022. "Russia’s invasion of Ukraine increased the synchronisation of global commodity prices," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 66(04), January.
    18. Wenbo Wang & Hail Park, 2021. "How Vulnerable Are Financial Markets to COVID-19? A Comparative Study of the US and South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-18, May.
    19. Aharon, David Y. & Siev, Smadar, 2021. "COVID-19, government interventions and emerging capital markets performance," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    20. Padhan, Rakesh & Prabheesh, K.P., 2021. "The economics of COVID-19 pandemic: A survey," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 220-237.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:17:p:5412-:d:625912. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.