IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i23p6396-d455714.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Second Life Batteries Used in Energy Storage for Frequency Containment Reserve Service

Author

Listed:
  • Lukáš Janota

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 1902/2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic)

  • Tomáš Králík

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 1902/2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic)

  • Jaroslav Knápek

    (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 1902/2, 166 27 Praha 6, Czech Republic)

Abstract

The new Li-ion battery systems used in electric vehicles have an average capacity of 50 kWh and are expected to be discarded when they reach approximately 80% of their initial capacity, because they are considered to no longer be sufficient for traction purposes. Based on the official national future development scenarios and subsequent mathematical modeling of the number of electric vehicles (EVs), up to 400 GWh of storage capacity in discharged batteries will be available on the EU market by 2035. Therefore, since the batteries still have a considerable capacity after the end of their first life, they could be used in many stationary applications during their second life, such as support for renewables, flexibility, energy arbitrage, peak shaving, etc. Due to the high output power achieved in a short time, one of the most promising applications of these batteries are ancillary services. The study assesses the economic efficiency of the used batteries and presents several main scenarios depending on the likely future development of the interconnected EU regulatory energy market. The final results indicate that the best results of second-life batteries utilization lie in the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve Service, both from a technical and economic point of view. The internal rate of return fluctuates from 8% to 21% in the realistic scenario, and it supports the idea that such systems might be able to be in operation without any direct financial subsidies.

Suggested Citation

  • Lukáš Janota & Tomáš Králík & Jaroslav Knápek, 2020. "Second Life Batteries Used in Energy Storage for Frequency Containment Reserve Service," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-36, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:23:p:6396-:d:455714
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6396/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/6396/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Miyamoto, Mai & Takeuchi, Kenji, 2019. "Climate agreement and technology diffusion: Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on international patent applications for renewable energy technologies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 1331-1338.
    2. Rodrigo Martins & Holger C. Hesse & Johanna Jungbauer & Thomas Vorbuchner & Petr Musilek, 2018. "Optimal Component Sizing for Peak Shaving in Battery Energy Storage System for Industrial Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Krystian Pietrzak & Oliwia Pietrzak, 2020. "Environmental Effects of Electromobility in a Sustainable Urban Public Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, February.
    4. Karol Tucki & Olga Orynycz & Antoni Świć & Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek, 2019. "The Development of Electromobility in Poland and EU States as a Tool for Management of CO 2 Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-22, July.
    5. Dario Garozzo & Giuseppe Marco Tina, 2020. "Evaluation of the Effective Active Power Reserve for Fast Frequency Response of PV with BESS Inverters Considering Reactive Power Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-16, July.
    6. Mathews, Ian & Xu, Bolun & He, Wei & Barreto, Vanessa & Buonassisi, Tonio & Peters, Ian Marius, 2020. "Technoeconomic model of second-life batteries for utility-scale solar considering calendar and cycle aging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    7. Martinez-Laserna, E. & Gandiaga, I. & Sarasketa-Zabala, E. & Badeda, J. & Stroe, D.-I. & Swierczynski, M. & Goikoetxea, A., 2018. "Battery second life: Hype, hope or reality? A critical review of the state of the art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 701-718.
    8. Stergios Statharas & Yannis Moysoglou & Pelopidas Siskos & Georgios Zazias & Pantelis Capros, 2019. "Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Penetration in the EU by 2030: A Model-Based Policy Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-25, July.
    9. Wang, Lei & Wang, Xiang & Yang, Wenxian, 2020. "Optimal design of electric vehicle battery recycling network – From the perspective of electric vehicle manufacturers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rongheng Li & Ali Hassan & Nishad Gupte & Wencong Su & Xuan Zhou, 2023. "Degradation Prediction and Cost Optimization of Second-Life Battery Used for Energy Arbitrage and Peak-Shaving in an Electric Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Terkes, Musa & Arikan, Oktay & Gokalp, Erdin, 2024. "The effect of electric vehicle charging demand variability on optimal hybrid power systems with second-life lithium-ion or fresh Na–S batteries considering power quality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    3. Muhammad Sheraz & Woojin Choi, 2023. "A Novel Technique for Fast Ohmic Resistance Measurement to Evaluate the Aging of Lithium-Ion xEVs Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Jewon Oh & Daisuke Sumiyoshi & Masatoshi Nishioka & Hyunbae Kim, 2021. "Efficient Operation Method of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System Using Demand Response," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    5. Gu, Xubo & Bai, Hanyu & Cui, Xiaofan & Zhu, Juner & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Zhaojian & Hu, Xiaosong & Song, Ziyou, 2024. "Challenges and opportunities for second-life batteries: Key technologies and economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    6. Krystian Pietrzak & Oliwia Pietrzak, 2022. "Tram System as a Challenge for Smart and Sustainable Urban Public Transport: Effects of Applying Bi-Directional Trams," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-29, August.
    7. Yash Kotak & Carlos Marchante Fernández & Lluc Canals Casals & Bhavya Satishbhai Kotak & Daniel Koch & Christian Geisbauer & Lluís Trilla & Alberto Gómez-Núñez & Hans-Georg Schweiger, 2021. "End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gu, Xubo & Bai, Hanyu & Cui, Xiaofan & Zhu, Juner & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Zhaojian & Hu, Xiaosong & Song, Ziyou, 2024. "Challenges and opportunities for second-life batteries: Key technologies and economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    2. Shahjalal, Mohammad & Roy, Probir Kumar & Shams, Tamanna & Fly, Ashley & Chowdhury, Jahedul Islam & Ahmed, Md. Rishad & Liu, Kailong, 2022. "A review on second-life of Li-ion batteries: prospects, challenges, and issues," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    3. Wojciech Lewicki & Wojciech Drozdz, 2021. "Electromobility and its Development Prospects in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Comparative Study of Poland and the European Union," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(2B), pages 135-144.
    4. Marcin Połom & Paweł Wiśniewski, 2021. "Assessment of the Emission of Pollutants from Public Transport Based on the Example of Diesel Buses and Trolleybuses in Gdynia and Sopot," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-17, August.
    5. Emanuele Michelini & Patrick Höschele & Florian Ratz & Michael Stadlbauer & Werner Rom & Christian Ellersdorfer & Jörg Moser, 2023. "Potential and Most Promising Second-Life Applications for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Technical, Economic and Legal Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    6. Katarzyna Kubiak-Wójcicka & Filip Polak & Leszek Szczęch, 2022. "Water Power Plants Possibilities in Powering Electric Cars—Case Study: Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.
    7. Maciej Neugebauer & Adam Żebrowski & Ogulcan Esmer, 2022. "Cumulative Emissions of CO 2 for Electric and Combustion Cars: A Case Study on Specific Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-17, April.
    8. Steckel, Tobiah & Kendall, Alissa & Ambrose, Hanjiro, 2021. "Applying levelized cost of storage methodology to utility-scale second-life lithium-ion battery energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    9. Braco, Elisa & San Martín, Idoia & Sanchis, Pablo & Ursúa, Alfredo & Stroe, Daniel-Ioan, 2022. "State of health estimation of second-life lithium-ion batteries under real profile operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    10. Bai, Hanyu & Lei, Shunbo & Geng, Sijia & Hu, Xiaosong & Li, Zhaojian & Song, Ziyou, 2024. "Techno-economic assessment of isolated micro-grids with second-life batteries: A reliability-oriented iterative design framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    11. Marcin Połom, 2021. "Technology Development and Spatial Diffusion of Auxiliary Power Sources in Trolleybuses in European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    12. Walmsley, Timothy Gordon & Philipp, Matthias & Picón-Núñez, Martín & Meschede, Henning & Taylor, Matthew Thomas & Schlosser, Florian & Atkins, Martin John, 2023. "Hybrid renewable energy utility systems for industrial sites: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    13. Horesh, Noah & Quinn, Casey & Wang, Hongjie & Zane, Regan & Ferry, Mike & Tong, Shijie & Quinn, Jason C., 2021. "Driving to the future of energy storage: Techno-economic analysis of a novel method to recondition second life electric vehicle batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    14. Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk & Marcin Połom, 2021. "Possibilities for Developing Electromobility by Using Autonomously Powered Trolleybuses Based on the Example of Gdynia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-23, May.
    15. Marta Borowska-Stefańska & Michał Kowalski & Paulina Kurzyk & Miroslava Mikušová & Szymon Wiśniewski, 2021. "Privileging Electric Vehicles as an Element of Promoting Sustainable Urban Mobility—Effects on the Local Transport System in a Large Metropolis in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-24, June.
    16. Marcin Połom & Paweł Wiśniewski, 2021. "Implementing Electromobility in Public Transport in Poland in 1990–2020. A Review of Experiences and Evaluation of the Current Development Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-22, April.
    17. Radoslaw Miskiewicz, 2022. "Clean and Affordable Energy within Sustainable Development Goals: The Role of Governance Digitalization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-17, December.
    18. Vladimír Konečný & Jozef Gnap & Tomáš Settey & František Petro & Tomáš Skrúcaný & Tomasz Figlus, 2020. "Environmental Sustainability of the Vehicle Fleet Change in Public City Transport of Selected City in Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-23, July.
    19. Lazar Gitelman & Mikhail Kozhevnikov & Olga Ryzhuk, 2019. "Advance Management Education for Power-Engineering and Industry of the Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-23, October.
    20. István Árpád & Judit T. Kiss & Gábor Bellér & Dénes Kocsis, 2021. "Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO 2 Emission in Hungary," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-15, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:23:p:6396-:d:455714. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.