IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i9p1592-d226121.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Approach to State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Recurrent Neural Networks with Gated Recurrent Unit

Author

Listed:
  • Chaoran Li

    (National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China)

  • Fei Xiao

    (National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China)

  • Yaxiang Fan

    (National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China)

Abstract

State of charge (SOC) represents the amount of electricity stored and is calculated and used by battery management systems (BMSs). However, SOC cannot be observed directly, and SOC estimation is a challenging task due to the battery’s nonlinear characteristics when operating in complex conditions. In this paper, based on the new advanced deep learning techniques, a SOC estimation approach for Lithium-ion batteries using a recurrent neural network with gated recurrent unit (GRU-RNN) is introduced where observable variables such as voltage, current, and temperature are directly mapped to SOC estimation. The proposed technique requires no model or knowledge of the battery’s internal parameters and is able to estimate SOC at various temperatures by using a single set of self-learned network parameters. The proposed method is evaluated on two public datasets of vehicle drive cycles and another high rate pulse discharge condition dataset with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.86%, 1.75%, and 1.05%. Experiment results show that the proposed method is accurate and robust.

Suggested Citation

  • Chaoran Li & Fei Xiao & Yaxiang Fan, 2019. "An Approach to State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Recurrent Neural Networks with Gated Recurrent Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-22, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:9:p:1592-:d:226121
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1592/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1592/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhongxiao Liu & Zhe Li & Jianbo Zhang & Laisuo Su & Hao Ge, 2019. "Accurate and Efficient Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge with Alternate Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter and Ampere-Hour Counting Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
    3. Zhiwei He & Mingyu Gao & Caisheng Wang & Leyi Wang & Yuanyuan Liu, 2013. "Adaptive State of Charge Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries Based on an Unscented Kalman Filter with an Enhanced Battery Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(8), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Phattara Khumprom & Nita Yodo, 2019. "A Data-Driven Predictive Prognostic Model for Lithium-ion Batteries based on a Deep Learning Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-21, February.
    5. Volodymyr Mnih & Koray Kavukcuoglu & David Silver & Andrei A. Rusu & Joel Veness & Marc G. Bellemare & Alex Graves & Martin Riedmiller & Andreas K. Fidjeland & Georg Ostrovski & Stig Petersen & Charle, 2015. "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning," Nature, Nature, vol. 518(7540), pages 529-533, February.
    6. Zheng, Fangdan & Xing, Yinjiao & Jiang, Jiuchun & Sun, Bingxiang & Kim, Jonghoon & Pecht, Michael, 2016. "Influence of different open circuit voltage tests on state of charge online estimation for lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 513-525.
    7. Andre Esteva & Brett Kuprel & Roberto A. Novoa & Justin Ko & Susan M. Swetter & Helen M. Blau & Sebastian Thrun, 2017. "Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks," Nature, Nature, vol. 542(7639), pages 115-118, February.
    8. David Silver & Aja Huang & Chris J. Maddison & Arthur Guez & Laurent Sifre & George van den Driessche & Julian Schrittwieser & Ioannis Antonoglou & Veda Panneershelvam & Marc Lanctot & Sander Dieleman, 2016. "Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search," Nature, Nature, vol. 529(7587), pages 484-489, January.
    9. Wade, N.S. & Taylor, P.C. & Lang, P.D. & Jones, P.R., 2010. "Evaluating the benefits of an electrical energy storage system in a future smart grid," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 7180-7188, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Li, Zongxiang & Li, Liwei & Chen, Jing & Wang, Dongqing, 2024. "A multi-head attention mechanism aided hybrid network for identifying batteries’ state of charge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    2. Biao Yang & Yinshuang Wang & Yuedong Zhan, 2022. "Lithium Battery State-of-Charge Estimation Based on a Bayesian Optimization Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-18, June.
    3. Shehzar Shahzad Sheikh & Mahnoor Anjum & Muhammad Abdullah Khan & Syed Ali Hassan & Hassan Abdullah Khalid & Adel Gastli & Lazhar Ben-Brahim, 2020. "A Battery Health Monitoring Method Using Machine Learning: A Data-Driven Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-16, July.
    4. Shuo Sun & Qianli Zhang & Junzhong Sun & Wei Cai & Zhiyong Zhou & Zhanlu Yang & Zongliang Wang, 2022. "Lead–Acid Battery SOC Prediction Using Improved AdaBoost Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-20, August.
    5. Liu, Mengmeng & Xu, Jun & Jiang, Yihui & Mei, Xuesong, 2023. "Multi-dimensional features based data-driven state of charge estimation method for LiFePO4 batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    6. Wenxian Duan & Chuanxue Song & Silun Peng & Feng Xiao & Yulong Shao & Shixin Song, 2020. "An Improved Gated Recurrent Unit Network Model for State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, December.
    7. Yang, Kuo & Tang, Yugui & Zhang, Shujing & Zhang, Zhen, 2022. "A deep learning approach to state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on dual-stage attention mechanism," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    8. Giacomo Talluri & Gabriele Maria Lozito & Francesco Grasso & Carlos Iturrino Garcia & Antonio Luchetta, 2021. "Optimal Battery Energy Storage System Scheduling within Renewable Energy Communities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-23, December.
    9. Chen, Junxiong & Feng, Xiong & Jiang, Lin & Zhu, Qiao, 2021. "State of charge estimation of lithium-ion battery using denoising autoencoder and gated recurrent unit recurrent neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    10. Marat Sadykov & Sam Haines & Mark Broadmeadow & Geoff Walker & David William Holmes, 2023. "Practical Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Charge Estimation Using Time-Series Machine Learning for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-34, February.
    11. Cai, Nian & Que, Xiaoping & Zhang, Xu & Feng, Weiguo & Zhou, Yinghong, 2024. "A deep learning framework for the joint prediction of the SOH and RUL of lithium-ion batteries based on bimodal images," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    12. Siyi Tao & Bo Jiang & Xuezhe Wei & Haifeng Dai, 2023. "A Systematic and Comparative Study of Distinct Recurrent Neural Networks for Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Charge Estimation in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-17, February.
    13. Bian, Chong & He, Huoliang & Yang, Shunkun, 2020. "Stacked bidirectional long short-term memory networks for state-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    14. Gelareh Javid & Djaffar Ould Abdeslam & Michel Basset, 2021. "Adaptive Online State of Charge Estimation of EVs Lithium-Ion Batteries with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-14, February.
    15. Panagiotis Eleftheriadis & Spyridon Giazitzis & Sonia Leva & Emanuele Ogliari, 2023. "Data-Driven Methods for the State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries: An Overview," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-24, September.
    16. Li, Hao & Fu, Lijun & Long, Xinlin & Liu, Lang & Zeng, Ziqing, 2024. "A hybrid deep learning model for lithium-ion batteries state of charge estimation based on quantile regression and attention," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    17. Kurucan, Mehmet & Özbaltan, Mete & Yetgin, Zeki & Alkaya, Alkan, 2024. "Applications of artificial neural network based battery management systems: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    18. S. Tamilselvi & S. Gunasundari & N. Karuppiah & Abdul Razak RK & S. Madhusudan & Vikas Madhav Nagarajan & T. Sathish & Mohammed Zubair M. Shamim & C. Ahamed Saleel & Asif Afzal, 2021. "A Review on Battery Modelling Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-26, September.
    19. Chen, Zheng & Zhao, Hongqian & Shu, Xing & Zhang, Yuanjian & Shen, Jiangwei & Liu, Yonggang, 2021. "Synthetic state of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries based on long short-term memory network modeling and adaptive H-Infinity filter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    20. Xie, Yanxin & Wang, Shunli & Zhang, Gexiang & Fan, Yongcun & Fernandez, Carlos & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2023. "Optimized multi-hidden layer long short-term memory modeling and suboptimal fading extended Kalman filtering strategies for the synthetic state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    21. Xinyu Gu & KW See & Yunpeng Wang & Liang Zhao & Wenwen Pu, 2021. "The Sliding Window and SHAP Theory—An Improved System with a Long Short-Term Memory Network Model for State of Charge Prediction in Electric Vehicle Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jermain C. Kaminski & Christian Hopp, 2020. "Predicting outcomes in crowdfunding campaigns with textual, visual, and linguistic signals," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 627-649, October.
    2. Yassine Chemingui & Adel Gastli & Omar Ellabban, 2020. "Reinforcement Learning-Based School Energy Management System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-21, December.
    3. Yuhong Wang & Lei Chen & Hong Zhou & Xu Zhou & Zongsheng Zheng & Qi Zeng & Li Jiang & Liang Lu, 2021. "Flexible Transmission Network Expansion Planning Based on DQN Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, April.
    4. Huang, Ruchen & He, Hongwen & Gao, Miaojue, 2023. "Training-efficient and cost-optimal energy management for fuel cell hybrid electric bus based on a novel distributed deep reinforcement learning framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    5. Takyi-Aninakwa, Paul & Wang, Shunli & Zhang, Hongying & Yang, Xiao & Fernandez, Carlos, 2023. "A hybrid probabilistic correction model for the state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries considering dynamic currents and temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    6. Xu Lei & Xi Zhao & Guiping Wang & Weiyu Liu, 2019. "A Novel Temperature–Hysteresis Model for Power Battery of Electric Vehicles with an Adaptive Joint Estimator on State of Charge and Power," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-24, September.
    7. Neha Soni & Enakshi Khular Sharma & Narotam Singh & Amita Kapoor, 2019. "Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Businesses: from Research, Innovation, Market Deployment to Future Shifts in Business Models," Papers 1905.02092, arXiv.org.
    8. Omar Al-Ani & Sanjoy Das, 2022. "Reinforcement Learning: Theory and Applications in HEMS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-37, September.
    9. Hu, Xiaosong & Feng, Fei & Liu, Kailong & Zhang, Lei & Xie, Jiale & Liu, Bo, 2019. "State estimation for advanced battery management: Key challenges and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    10. Taejong Joo & Hyunyoung Jun & Dongmin Shin, 2022. "Task Allocation in Human–Machine Manufacturing Systems Using Deep Reinforcement Learning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    11. Mahmoud Mahfouz & Tucker Balch & Manuela Veloso & Danilo Mandic, 2021. "Learning to Classify and Imitate Trading Agents in Continuous Double Auction Markets," Papers 2110.01325, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2021.
    12. Oleh Lukianykhin & Tetiana Bogodorova, 2021. "Voltage Control-Based Ancillary Service Using Deep Reinforcement Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-22, April.
    13. Wu, Yuankai & Tan, Huachun & Peng, Jiankun & Zhang, Hailong & He, Hongwen, 2019. "Deep reinforcement learning of energy management with continuous control strategy and traffic information for a series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 454-466.
    14. Chen, Jiaxin & Shu, Hong & Tang, Xiaolin & Liu, Teng & Wang, Weida, 2022. "Deep reinforcement learning-based multi-objective control of hybrid power system combined with road recognition under time-varying environment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    15. Amirhosein Mosavi & Yaser Faghan & Pedram Ghamisi & Puhong Duan & Sina Faizollahzadeh Ardabili & Ely Salwana & Shahab S. Band, 2020. "Comprehensive Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods and Applications in Economics," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-42, September.
    16. Zuchang Gao & Cheng Siong Chin & Joel Hay King Chiew & Junbo Jia & Caizhi Zhang, 2017. "Design and Implementation of a Smart Lithium-Ion Battery System with Real-Time Fault Diagnosis Capability for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-15, September.
    17. Zhang, Yihao & Chai, Zhaojie & Lykotrafitis, George, 2021. "Deep reinforcement learning with a particle dynamics environment applied to emergency evacuation of a room with obstacles," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 571(C).
    18. Bizhong Xia & Zizhou Lao & Ruifeng Zhang & Yong Tian & Guanghao Chen & Zhen Sun & Wei Wang & Wei Sun & Yongzhi Lai & Mingwang Wang & Huawen Wang, 2017. "Online Parameter Identification and State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares and Nonlinear Kalman Filter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-23, December.
    19. Alessio Brini & Daniele Tantari, 2021. "Deep Reinforcement Trading with Predictable Returns," Papers 2104.14683, arXiv.org, revised May 2023.
    20. Georgios D. Kontes & Georgios I. Giannakis & Víctor Sánchez & Pablo De Agustin-Camacho & Ander Romero-Amorrortu & Natalia Panagiotidou & Dimitrios V. Rovas & Simone Steiger & Christopher Mutschler & G, 2018. "Simulation-Based Evaluation and Optimization of Control Strategies in Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-23, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:9:p:1592-:d:226121. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.