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Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions

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  • Mohammed H. Alsharif

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Jeong Kim

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Jin Hong Kim

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea)

Abstract

Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the main pillars of sustainability and environmental compatibility. This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade. As its major contribution, this study highlights the uses of renewable energy in cellular communication by: (i) investigating the system model and the potential of renewable energy solutions for cellular BSs; (ii) identifying the potential geographical locations for renewable-energy-powered BSs; (iii) performing case studies on renewable-energy-powered cellular BSs and suggesting future research directions based on our findings; (iv) examining the present deployment of sustainable and green BSs; and (v) studying the barriers that prevent the widespread use of renewable-energy-powered BSs and providing recommendations for future work.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2017. "Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-27, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:5:p:587-:d:96694
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Seung Hyun Jeon & Joohyung Lee & Hong-Shik Park, 2018. "A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Sanwar Hossain & B. M. Ruhul Amin & G. M. Shafiullah & Ferdous Sohel, 2022. "Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-33, December.
    3. Mohammed W. Baidas & Rola W. Hasaneya & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2021. "Solar-Powered Cellular Base Stations in Kuwait: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-26, November.
    4. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    5. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Opportunities and Challenges of Solar and Wind Energy in South Korea: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.
    6. Siow Chun Lim & Tong Jia Meng & Chinnasamy Palanichamy & Gan Tian Eng, 2019. "Feasibility Study of Wind Energy Harvesting at TELCO Tower in Malaysia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(6), pages 277-282.
    7. Mahshid Javidsharifi & Hamoun Pourroshanfekr & Tamas Kerekes & Dezso Sera & Sergiu Spataru & Josep M. Guerrero, 2021. "Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems for Powering Green Base Stations in Cellular Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.

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