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Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network

Author

Listed:
  • Khondoker Ziaul Islam

    (School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
    Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia)

  • Md. Sanwar Hossain

    (School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia)

  • B. M. Ruhul Amin

    (Centre for New Energy Transition Research, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia)

  • G. M. Shafiullah

    (School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia)

  • Ferdous Sohel

    (School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
    Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia)

Abstract

The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly.

Suggested Citation

  • Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Sanwar Hossain & B. M. Ruhul Amin & G. M. Shafiullah & Ferdous Sohel, 2022. "Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-33, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2022:i:1:p:169-:d:1013343
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    2. Faran Ahmed & Muhammad Naeem & Waleed Ejaz & Muhammad Iqbal & Alagan Anpalagan & Hyung Seok Kim, 2018. "Renewable Energy Assisted Traffic Aware Cellular Base Station Energy Cooperation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Abu Jahid & Khondokar Mizanur Rahman & Sarwar Ahmed & Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2020. "Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-33, November.
    4. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "Comparative Analysis of Solar-Powered Base Stations for Green Mobile Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-25, August.
    6. Islam, Md Shahinur & Akhter, Ruma & Rahman, Mohammad Ashifur, 2018. "A thorough investigation on hybrid application of biomass gasifier and PV resources to meet energy needs for a northern rural off-grid region of Bangladesh: A potential solution to replicate in rural ," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 338-355.
    7. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2017. "Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-27, April.
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