IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v91y2018icp1089-1102.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Real-time strategies to optimize the fueling of the fuel cell hybrid power source: A review of issues, challenges and a new approach

Author

Listed:
  • Bizon, Nicu
  • Thounthong, Phatiphat

Abstract

Besides a brief review of the issues and the challenges related to the real-time optimization (RTO) strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources (FCHPS), a new RTO strategy is proposed and analyzed here to find the optimal values of both fueling flow rates for the FCHPS under a dynamic load cycle. The optimization strategy to search and track the optimal value is based on the Global Extremum Seeking (GES) algorithm. In comparison with the Static Feed-Forward (sFF) RTO strategy, where both fueling rates are controlled by the FC current, the GES-RTO strategy adjusts the FC current with values given by two GES control schemes. Thus, the fueling regulators are controlled by two reference currents which are a bit different to FC current. The performance obtained with the GES-RTO strategy proposed herein is shown in comparison with the sFF-RTO strategy for constant load, but also for dynamic load profile. In last case both strategies will use a Load-Following (LF) control for the boost converter that interfaces the FC system with the DC bus. The performance will be estimated considering the following indicators: the generated FC net power, the fuel consumption efficiency, the FC system efficiency, and the total fuel consumption during a load cycle. The fuel economy for 6 kW FC system during a nominal load cycle of 60 s could be up to 40 l if the GES-RTO strategy is used instead of the sFF-RTO strategy.

Suggested Citation

  • Bizon, Nicu & Thounthong, Phatiphat, 2018. "Real-time strategies to optimize the fueling of the fuel cell hybrid power source: A review of issues, challenges and a new approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1089-1102.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:91:y:2018:i:c:p:1089-1102
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.045
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118302685
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.045?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ramos-Paja, Carlos Andrés & Spagnuolo, Giovanni & Petrone, Giovanni & Mamarelis, Emilio, 2014. "A perturbation strategy for fuel consumption minimization in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Analysis, Design and FPGA implementation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 21-32.
    2. Zhang, Pei & Yan, Fuwu & Du, Changqing, 2015. "A comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on bibliometrics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 88-104.
    3. Bizon, Nicu, 2018. "Optimal operation of fuel cell/wind turbine hybrid power system under turbulent wind and variable load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 196-209.
    4. Sulaiman, N. & Hannan, M.A. & Mohamed, A. & Majlan, E.H. & Wan Daud, W.R., 2015. "A review on energy management system for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle: Issues and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 802-814.
    5. Wieczorek, Maciej & Lewandowski, Mirosław, 2017. "A mathematical representation of an energy management strategy for hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle and real time optimization using a genetic algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 222-233.
    6. Turkmen, Anil Can & Solmaz, Salim & Celik, Cenk, 2017. "Analysis of fuel cell vehicles with advisor software," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1066-1071.
    7. Fathabadi, Hassan, 2017. "Novel fast and high accuracy maximum power point tracking method for hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell energy conversion systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 232-242.
    8. Peng, Jiankun & He, Hongwen & Xiong, Rui, 2017. "Rule based energy management strategy for a series–parallel plug-in hybrid electric bus optimized by dynamic programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1633-1643.
    9. Hou, Cong & Ouyang, Minggao & Xu, Liangfei & Wang, Hewu, 2014. "Approximate Pontryagin’s minimum principle applied to the energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 174-189.
    10. Han, Jaeyoung & Yu, Sangseok & Yi, Sun, 2017. "Adaptive control for robust air flow management in an automotive fuel cell system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 73-83.
    11. Bizon, Nicu, 2016. "Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT) of Photovoltaic array using the Extremum Seeking Control (ESC): A review and a new GMPPT ESC scheme," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 524-539.
    12. Koubaa, Rayhane & krichen, Lotfi, 2017. "Double layer metaheuristic based energy management strategy for a Fuel Cell/Ultra-Capacitor hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1079-1093.
    13. Sharaf, Omar Z. & Orhan, Mehmet F., 2014. "An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 810-853.
    14. Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M., 2017. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 268-291.
    15. Bizon, Nicu, 2017. "Energy optimization of fuel cell system by using global extremum seeking algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 458-474.
    16. Ishaque, Kashif & Salam, Zainal, 2013. "A review of maximum power point tracking techniques of PV system for uniform insolation and partial shading condition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 475-488.
    17. Wang, Hong & Huang, Yanjun & Khajepour, Amir & Song, Qiang, 2016. "Model predictive control-based energy management strategy for a series hybrid electric tracked vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 105-114.
    18. Ettihir, K. & Boulon, L. & Agbossou, K., 2016. "Optimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 142-153.
    19. Bizon, Nicu, 2013. "Energy harvesting from the FC stack that operates using the MPP tracking based on modified extremum seeking control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 326-336.
    20. Daud, W.R.W. & Rosli, R.E. & Majlan, E.H. & Hamid, S.A.A. & Mohamed, R. & Husaini, T., 2017. "PEM fuel cell system control: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 620-638.
    21. Cai, Y. & Ouyang, M.G. & Yang, F., 2017. "Impact of power split configurations on fuel consumption and battery degradation in plug-in hybrid electric city buses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 257-269.
    22. Bizon, Nicu, 2014. "Tracking the maximum efficiency point for the FC system based on extremum seeking scheme to control the air flow," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 147-157.
    23. Olatomiwa, Lanre & Mekhilef, Saad & Ismail, M.S. & Moghavvemi, M., 2016. "Energy management strategies in hybrid renewable energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 821-835.
    24. Caux, Stéphane & Gaoua, Yacine & Lopez, Pierre, 2017. "A combinatorial optimisation approach to energy management strategy for a hybrid fuel cell vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 219-230.
    25. Das, Vipin & Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar & Venkitusamy, Karthikeyan & Selvamuthukumaran, Rajasekar & Blaabjerg, Frede & Siano, Pierluigi, 2017. "Recent advances and challenges of fuel cell based power system architectures and control – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 10-18.
    26. Enang, Wisdom & Bannister, Chris, 2017. "Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (A comprehensive review)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1210-1239.
    27. Eriksson, E.L.V. & Gray, E.MacA., 2017. "Optimization and integration of hybrid renewable energy hydrogen fuel cell energy systems – A critical review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 348-364.
    28. Álvarez Fernández, Roberto & Corbera Caraballo, Sergio & Beltrán Cilleruelo, Fernando & Lozano, J. Antonio, 2018. "Fuel optimization strategy for hydrogen fuel cell range extender vehicles applying genetic algorithms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 655-668.
    29. Liu, Yi-Hua & Chen, Jing-Hsiao & Huang, Jia-Wei, 2015. "A review of maximum power point tracking techniques for use in partially shaded conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 436-453.
    30. Bizon, Nicu, 2013. "Energy harvesting from the PV Hybrid Power Source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 297-307.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Deepak Kumar Gupta & Amitkumar V. Jha & Bhargav Appasani & Avireni Srinivasulu & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Ou, Kai & Yuan, Wei-Wei & Kim, Young-Bae, 2021. "Development of optimal energy management for a residential fuel cell hybrid power system with heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    3. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Real-time optimization strategies of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems based on Load-following control: A new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 444-460.
    4. Tang, Xiaolin & Zhou, Haitao & Wang, Feng & Wang, Weida & Lin, Xianke, 2022. "Longevity-conscious energy management strategy of fuel cell hybrid electric Vehicle Based on deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    5. Nicu Bizon & Mihai Oproescu, 2018. "Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-32, December.
    6. Bizon, Nicu, 2018. "Effective mitigation of the load pulses by controlling the battery/SMES hybrid energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 459-473.
    7. Tanzim Meraj, Sheikh & Zaihar Yahaya, Nor & Hasan, Kamrul & Hossain Lipu, M.S. & Madurai Elavarasan, Rajvikram & Hussain, Aini & Hannan, M.A. & Muttaqi, Kashem M., 2022. "A filter less improved control scheme for active/reactive energy management in fuel cell integrated grid system with harmonic reduction ability," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    8. Wilberforce, Tabbi & Ijaodola, O. & Ogungbemi, Emmanuel & Khatib, F.N. & Leslie, T. & El-Hassan, Zaki & Thomposon, J. & Olabi, A.G., 2019. "Technical evaluation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell performance – A review of the effects of bipolar plates coating," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Efficient fuel economy strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems under variable renewable/load power profile," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    10. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Fuel saving strategy using real-time switching of the fueling regulators in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    11. Mihai Rata & Gabriela Rata & Constantin Filote & Maria Simona Raboaca & Adrian Graur & Ciprian Afanasov & Andreea-Raluca Felseghi, 2019. "The ElectricalVehicle Simulator for Charging Station in Mode 3 of IEC 61851-1 Standard," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
    12. Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "A Simple and Safe Strategy for Improving the Fuel Economy of a Fuel Cell Vehicle," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-29, March.
    13. Nicu Bizon & Valentin Alexandru Stan & Angel Ciprian Cormos, 2019. "Optimization of the Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power System Using the Control Mode of the Required Load Power on the DC Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.
    14. Ioan-Sorin Sorlei & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Mihai Varlam & Elena Carcadea & Mihai Culcer & Mariana Iliescu & Mircea Raceanu, 2021. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Real-time optimization strategies of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems based on Load-following control: A new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 444-460.
    2. Nicu Bizon & Mihai Oproescu, 2018. "Experimental Comparison of Three Real-Time Optimization Strategies Applied to Renewable/FC-Based Hybrid Power Systems Based on Load-Following Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-32, December.
    3. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Efficient fuel economy strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems under variable renewable/load power profile," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    4. Bizon, Nicu, 2017. "Energy optimization of fuel cell system by using global extremum seeking algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 458-474.
    5. Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "A Simple and Safe Strategy for Improving the Fuel Economy of a Fuel Cell Vehicle," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-29, March.
    6. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Fuel saving strategy using real-time switching of the fueling regulators in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    7. Nicu Bizon & Valentin Alexandru Stan & Angel Ciprian Cormos, 2019. "Optimization of the Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power System Using the Control Mode of the Required Load Power on the DC Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.
    8. Balali, Yasaman & Stegen, Sascha, 2021. "Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    9. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Hybrid power sources (HPSs) for space applications: Analysis of PEMFC/Battery/SMES HPS under unknown load containing pulses," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 14-37.
    10. Nicu Bizon & Alin Gheorghita Mazare & Laurentiu Mihai Ionescu & Phatiphat Thounthong & Erol Kurt & Mihai Oproescu & Gheorghe Serban & Ioan Lita, 2019. "Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-17, July.
    11. Ioan-Sorin Sorlei & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Mihai Varlam & Elena Carcadea & Mihai Culcer & Mariana Iliescu & Mircea Raceanu, 2021. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.
    12. Sulaiman, N. & Hannan, M.A. & Mohamed, A. & Ker, P.J. & Majlan, E.H. & Wan Daud, W.R., 2018. "Optimization of energy management system for fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles: Issues and recommendations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2061-2079.
    13. Zhuang, Weichao & Li (Eben), Shengbo & Zhang, Xiaowu & Kum, Dongsuk & Song, Ziyou & Yin, Guodong & Ju, Fei, 2020. "A survey of powertrain configuration studies on hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    14. Bizon, Nicu, 2016. "Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT) of Photovoltaic array using the Extremum Seeking Control (ESC): A review and a new GMPPT ESC scheme," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 524-539.
    15. Bizon, Nicu, 2018. "Optimal operation of fuel cell/wind turbine hybrid power system under turbulent wind and variable load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 196-209.
    16. Zhuang, Weichao & Zhang, Xiaowu & Li, Daofei & Wang, Liangmo & Yin, Guodong, 2017. "Mode shift map design and integrated energy management control of a multi-mode hybrid electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 476-488.
    17. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Chen, Ting & Zhang, Xuexia & Chen, Weirong & Zhou, Donghua & Li, Qi, 2018. "Development of robust suboptimal real-time power sharing strategy for modern fuel cell based hybrid tramways considering operational uncertainties and performance degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 503-521.
    18. Zhiyu You & Liwei Wang & Ying Han & Firuz Zare, 2018. "System Design and Energy Management for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Forklift," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-24, December.
    19. Ahmed M. Ali & Dirk Söffker, 2018. "Towards Optimal Power Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Real-Time: A Review on Methods, Challenges, and State-Of-The-Art Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-24, February.
    20. Jiang, Hongliang & Xu, Liangfei & Li, Jianqiu & Hu, Zunyan & Ouyang, Minggao, 2019. "Energy management and component sizing for a fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid powertrain based on two-dimensional optimization algorithms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 386-396.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:91:y:2018:i:c:p:1089-1102. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.