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What adds more flexibility? An energy system analysis of storage, demand-side response, heating electrification, and distribution reinforcement

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  • Rinaldi, Arthur
  • Yilmaz, Selin
  • Patel, Martin K.
  • Parra, David

Abstract

This paper compares various flexibility options to support renewable energy integration across the energy transition using energy system modelling. We analyse new flexibility assets such as electricity storage, heat pumps, demand-side response with existing wet appliances, electric boilers for domestic hot water and distribution grid expansion, along with energy efficiency measures in electrical appliances and building retrofitting. We propose an open-source sector coupling model (GRIMSEL-FLEX) to minimise, from a social planner perspective, the total cost of the energy system for electricity and residential heating supply in Switzerland, including various types of consumers and urban settings. We find relevant feedback mechanisms among various flexibility options. Firstly, electric boilers have a larger flexibility potential than demand-side response with wet appliances since they reduce storage investments by more than 26% by 2050 (only 12% for demand-side response). Secondly, 34% more electricity storage is needed if heat pumps replace all fossil-based heating and 80% to replace all heating systems entirely. Thirdly, we find a shift in the operation of heat pumps, electric boilers and wet appliances from night to midday, resulting in larger photovoltaic deployment (22%–66% for the residential sector). Finally, electricity storage capacity induced by heat pump deployment is highly dependent on the retrofitting rate. With 1% per annum, 86% of storage investments can be avoided and it can be counterbalanced with a high retrofitting rate of 2% per annum.

Suggested Citation

  • Rinaldi, Arthur & Yilmaz, Selin & Patel, Martin K. & Parra, David, 2022. "What adds more flexibility? An energy system analysis of storage, demand-side response, heating electrification, and distribution reinforcement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:167:y:2022:i:c:s1364032122005858
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112696
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    3. Meng, Qinglong & Wei, Ying'an & Fan, Jingjing & Li, Yanbo & Zhao, Fan & Lei, Yu & Sun, Hang & Jiang, Le & Yu, Lingli, 2024. "Peak regulation strategies for ground source heat pump demand response of based on load forecasting: A case study of rural building in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    4. Zhang, Hongji & Ding, Tao & Sun, Yuge & Huang, Yuhan & He, Yuankang & Huang, Can & Li, Fangxing & Xue, Chen & Sun, Xiaoqiang, 2023. "How does load-side re-electrification help carbon neutrality in energy systems: Cost competitiveness analysis and life-cycle deduction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    5. Lyden, Andrew & Alene, Samuel & Connor, Peter & Renaldi, Renaldi & Watson, Stephen, 2024. "Impact of locational pricing on the roll out of heat pumps in the UK," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    6. Seljom, Pernille & Rosenberg, Eva & Haaskjold, Kristina, 2024. "The effect and value of end-use flexibility in the low-carbon transition of the energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    7. Aunedi, Marko & Olympios, Andreas V. & Pantaleo, Antonio M. & Markides, Christos N. & Strbac, Goran, 2023. "System-driven design and integration of low-carbon domestic heating technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).

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