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Spatial analysis of distribution grid capacity and costs to enable massive deployment of PV, electric mobility and electric heating

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  • Gupta, Ruchi
  • Pena-Bello, Alejandro
  • Streicher, Kai Nino
  • Roduner, Cattia
  • Farhat, Yamshid
  • Thöni, David
  • Patel, Martin Kumar
  • Parra, David

Abstract

Rapid deployment of solar photovoltaics (PV), electric heat pumps (HP) and electric vehicles (EV) is needed to decarbonize the economy. However, the integration of these technologies into the power system creates challenges for the distribution grid infrastructure. It is therefore vital to analyse to which extent grid reinforcement is needed to enable decarbonization strategies while also studying alternative flexibility measures. In this GIS-based study, we model the impact of the deployment of PV, HP and EV on a low-voltage distribution grid network serving 170’000 households in Switzerland, and analyse scenarios for their penetration in the years 2035 and 2050. Using a detailed grid model in collaboration with a distribution system operator, we find that PV leads to 18.5% and 13.7% more voltage violation issues compared to HP and EV respectively, which on the other hand, cause slightly more line overloading, 0.5% and 2.5%, respectively. We also find that grid reinforcement costs markedly depend on the type of urban setting ranging between 51–213 CHF/kWp, 46–1’385 CHF/kW and 34–143 CHF/kW for PV, HP and EV, respectively, with the higher limit corresponding to rural areas. The total distribution grid reinforcement costs can amount up to 11 billion CHF until 2050 i.e. 2’900 CHF per household in Switzerland. Interestingly, we find that batteries, even with current costs, have the potential to defer grid reinforcement for up to 15% of the transformer stations with the highest specific grid reinforcement costs. Our study aims to inform various stakeholders about the required grid investments to enable the massive deployment of low carbon technologies.

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  • Gupta, Ruchi & Pena-Bello, Alejandro & Streicher, Kai Nino & Roduner, Cattia & Farhat, Yamshid & Thöni, David & Patel, Martin Kumar & Parra, David, 2021. "Spatial analysis of distribution grid capacity and costs to enable massive deployment of PV, electric mobility and electric heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:287:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921000623
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116504
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    10. Floris Montfoort & Peter T. Dijkstra & Machiel Mulder, 2024. "The impact of energy transition on distribution network costs and effectiveness of yardstick competition: an empirical analysis for the Netherlands," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 65(1), pages 85-107, June.
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    12. Rinaldi, Arthur & Yilmaz, Selin & Patel, Martin K. & Parra, David, 2022. "What adds more flexibility? An energy system analysis of storage, demand-side response, heating electrification, and distribution reinforcement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    13. Lagomarsino, Maria & van der Kam, Mart & Parra, David & Hahnel, Ulf J.J., 2022. "Do I need to charge right now? Tailored choice architecture design can increase preferences for electric vehicle smart charging," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    14. Christian van Someren & Martien Visser & Han Slootweg, 2023. "Sizing Batteries for Power Flow Management in Distribution Grids: A Method to Compare Battery Capacities for Different Siting Configurations and Variable Power Flow Simultaneity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-19, November.
    15. Gust, Gunther & Schlüter, Alexander & Feuerriegel, Stefan & Úbeda, Ignacio & Lee, Jonathan T. & Neumann, Dirk, 2024. "Designing electricity distribution networks: The impact of demand coincidence," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 315(1), pages 271-288.
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    17. Mirosława Szewczyk & Anna Szeliga-Duchnowska, 2022. "Make Hay While the Sun Shines: Beneficiaries of Renewable Energy Promotion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-15, May.
    18. Thebault, Martin & Desthieux, Gilles & Castello, Roberto & Berrah, Lamia, 2022. "Large-scale evaluation of the suitability of buildings for photovoltaic integration: Case study in Greater Geneva," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
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    20. Valkering, Pieter & Moglianesi, Andrea & Godon, Louis & Duerinck, Jan & Huber, Dominik & Costa, Daniele, 2023. "Representing decentralized generation and local energy use flexibility in an energy system optimization model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    21. Essayeh, Chaimaa & Morstyn, Thomas, 2023. "Optimal sizing for microgrids integrating distributed flexibility with the Perth West smart city as a case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    22. Gharibvand, Hossein & Gharehpetian, G.B. & Anvari-Moghaddam, A., 2024. "A survey on microgrid flexibility resources, evaluation metrics and energy storage effects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    23. Yamaguchi, Yohei & Shoda, Yuto & Yoshizawa, Shinya & Imai, Tatsuya & Perwez, Usama & Shimoda, Yoshiyuki & Hayashi, Yasuhiro, 2023. "Feasibility assessment of net zero-energy transformation of building stock using integrated synthetic population, building stock, and power distribution network framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).

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