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Extraction of free fatty acids from wet Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass for biodiesel production

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  • Hita Peña, Estrella
  • Robles Medina, Alfonso
  • Jiménez Callejón, María J.
  • Macías Sánchez, María D.
  • Esteban Cerdán, Luis
  • González Moreno, Pedro A.
  • Molina Grima, Emilio

Abstract

The objective of this work is to develop a process for producing biodiesel from the saponifiable lipid (SL) fraction of the wet microalgal biomass Nannochloropsis gaditana. The method consists of five steps. Firstly, crude fatty acid salt extraction was carried out using a KOH-ethanol (96%) solution, which allows one to extract the SLs as potassium salts. This transformation permits better separation of the unsaponifiable lipids (the second step) and finally produces purer biodiesel. The unsaponifiable lipids were then separated with hexane, after establishing the ethanol-water solution water content at 30% w/w. Some unsaponifiable lipids (carotenoids and phytosterols) are products of interest that might be purified from this fraction thus helping to improve the process's profitability. Thirdly, free fatty acids (FFAs) were purified by acidification of the ethanol-water solution to pH 5 and were then extracted with hexane. Fourthly, the FFAs were transformed to biodiesel by esterification with excess of methanol catalyzed using sulphuric acid, removing the excess by washing with hot water. Under these conditions the biodiesel purity and yield were 74.8% and 82% w/w, respectively. Finally, the biodiesel was clarified/purified up to 96.5% purity by adsorption with bentonite. The final biodiesel yield was 80.9%.

Suggested Citation

  • Hita Peña, Estrella & Robles Medina, Alfonso & Jiménez Callejón, María J. & Macías Sánchez, María D. & Esteban Cerdán, Luis & González Moreno, Pedro A. & Molina Grima, Emilio, 2015. "Extraction of free fatty acids from wet Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 366-373.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:75:y:2015:i:c:p:366-373
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.016
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Berrios, M. & Martín, M.A. & Chica, A.F. & Martín, A., 2011. "Purification of biodiesel from used cooking oils," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 3625-3631.
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    1. Kavitha, S. & Gajendran, T. & Saranya, K. & Selvakumar, P. & Manivasagan, V., 2021. "Study on consolidated bioprocessing of pre-treated Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass into ethanol under optimal strategy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 440-452.
    2. Kwak, Minsoo & Kim, Donghyun & Kim, Sungwhan & Lee, Hansol & Chang, Yong Keun, 2020. "Solvent screening and process optimization for high shear-assisted lipid extraction from wet cake of Nannochloropsis sp," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 1395-1405.
    3. Macías-Sánchez, M.D. & Robles-Medina, A. & Jiménez-Callejón, M.J. & Hita-Peña, E. & Estéban-Cerdán, L. & González-Moreno, P.A. & Navarro-López, E. & Molina-Grima, E., 2018. "Optimization of biodiesel production from wet microalgal biomass by direct transesterification using the surface response methodology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PA), pages 141-149.
    4. Cancela, A. & Pérez, L. & Febrero, A. & Sánchez, A. & Salgueiro, J.L. & Ortiz, L., 2019. "Exploitation of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass for biodiesel and pellet production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 725-730.

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