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Enzymatic esterification of acid oil from soapstocks obtained in vegetable oil refining: Effect of enzyme concentration

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  • Cruz, Mariana
  • Pinho, Sílvia Cardinal
  • Mota, Ricardo
  • Almeida, Manuel Fonseca
  • Dias, Joana Maia

Abstract

The enzymatic esterification of an acid waste oil was investigated using a commercial lipase (Thermomyces lanuginosus) in batch reactors, under the following reaction conditions: temperature of 35 °C, molar ratio of acid:alcohol of 1:1.5, vigorous magnetic stirring and enzyme concentration from 2 to 5 wt.%. The reaction progressed during 24 h. The acid oil obtained from soapstock of vegetable oil refining had an acidity of 65.5 wt.% and a very high sulphur content of 10 400 mg/kg. Thus, a pretreatment to reduce the mineral acidity before enzymatic esterification was necessary. The selected pretreatment consisted of one wash with 1:1 V/V oil:NaOH solution followed by two washings with 1:1 V/V oil:distilled water. The results from the esterification of the pretreated oil showed a clear influence of enzyme concentration in the reduction of the acidity, most of which was achieved in the first 7 h. The amount and type of alcohol had minor influence in the reaction conversion and the fractionated addition of methanol had only expressive effect for lower catalyst concentrations, with final conversions being still unsatisfactory. The best conditions found were 4 wt.% of enzyme, 35 °C, 24 h, and 1:1.5 molar ratio of acid:alcohol, which afforded an 80% reduction of acidity.

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  • Cruz, Mariana & Pinho, Sílvia Cardinal & Mota, Ricardo & Almeida, Manuel Fonseca & Dias, Joana Maia, 2018. "Enzymatic esterification of acid oil from soapstocks obtained in vegetable oil refining: Effect of enzyme concentration," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 165-171.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:124:y:2018:i:c:p:165-171
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.053
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    1. Wancura, João H.C. & Brondani, Michel & dos Santos, Maicon S.N. & Oro, Carolina E.D. & Wancura, Guilherme C. & Tres, Marcus V. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2023. "Demystifying the enzymatic biodiesel: How lipases are contributing to its technological advances," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    2. Marlen Trejo & Prakash Bhuyar & Yuwalee Unpaprom & Natthawud Dussadee & Rameshprabu Ramaraj, 2022. "Advancement of fermentable sugars from fresh elephant ear plant weed for efficient bioethanol production," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(5), pages 7377-7387, May.
    3. Costa, E. & Almeida, M.F. & Alvim-Ferraz, C. & Dias, J.M., 2021. "Otimization of Crambe abyssinica enzymatic transesterification using response surface methodology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 444-452.
    4. Muanruksa, Papasanee & Kaewkannetra, Pakawadee, 2020. "Combination of fatty acids extraction and enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production using sludge palm oil as a low-cost substrate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 901-906.

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