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A Review on Bio-Based Catalysts (Immobilized Enzymes) Used for Biodiesel Production

Author

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  • Samuel Santos

    (CERENA—Center for Natural Resources, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon University, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Jaime Puna

    (CERENA—Center for Natural Resources, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon University, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
    Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisbon Polytechnic, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • João Gomes

    (CERENA—Center for Natural Resources, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon University, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
    Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisbon Polytechnic, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal)

Abstract

The continuous increase of the world’s population results in an increased demand for energy drastically from the industrial and domestic sectors as well. Moreover, the current public awareness regarding issues such as pollution and overuse of petroleum fuel has resulted in the development of research approaches concerning alternative renewable energy sources. Amongst the various options for renewable energies used in transportation systems, biodiesel is considered the most suitable replacement for fossil-based diesel. In what concerns the industrial application for biodiesel production, homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid are usually selected, but their removal after reaction could prove to be rather complex and sometimes polluting, resulting in increases on the production costs. Therefore, there is an open field for research on new catalysts regarding biodiesel production, which can comprise heterogeneous catalysts. Apart from that, there are other alternatives to these chemical catalysts. Enzymatic catalysts have also been used in biodiesel production by employing lipases as biocatalysts. For economic reasons, and reusability and recycling, the lipases urged to be immobilized on suitable supports, thus the concept of heterogeneous biocatalysis comes in existence. Just like other heterogeneous catalytic materials, this one also presents similar issues with inefficiency and mass-transfer limitations. A solution to overcome the said limitations can be to consider the use of nanostructures to support enzyme immobilization, thus obtaining new heterogeneous biocatalysts. This review mainly focuses on the application of enzymatic catalysts as well as nano(bio)catalysts in transesterification reaction and their multiple methods of synthesis.

Suggested Citation

  • Samuel Santos & Jaime Puna & João Gomes, 2020. "A Review on Bio-Based Catalysts (Immobilized Enzymes) Used for Biodiesel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:11:p:3013-:d:370279
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gog, Adriana & Roman, Marius & Toşa, Monica & Paizs, Csaba & Irimie, Florin Dan, 2012. "Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification – Current state and perspectives," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 10-16.
    2. Babaki, Mohadese & Yousefi, Maryam & Habibi, Zohreh & Mohammadi, Mehdi & Yousefi, Parisa & Mohammadi, Javad & Brask, Jesper, 2016. "Enzymatic production of biodiesel using lipases immobilized on silica nanoparticles as highly reusable biocatalysts: effect of water, t-butanol and blue silica gel contents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 196-206.
    3. Zhao, Xuebing & Qi, Feng & Yuan, Chongli & Du, Wei & Liu, Dehua, 2015. "Lipase-catalyzed process for biodiesel production: Enzyme immobilization, process simulation and optimization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 182-197.
    4. I-Ching Kuan & Chia-Chi Lee & Bing-Hong Tsai & Shiow-Ling Lee & Wei-Ting Lee & Chi-Yang Yu, 2013. "Optimizing the Production of Biodiesel Using Lipase Entrapped in Biomimetic Silica," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-13, April.
    5. Christopher, Lew P. & Hemanathan Kumar, & Zambare, Vasudeo P., 2014. "Enzymatic biodiesel: Challenges and opportunities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 497-520.
    6. Szczęsna Antczak, Mirosława & Kubiak, Aneta & Antczak, Tadeusz & Bielecki, Stanisław, 2009. "Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis – Key factors affecting efficiency of the process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 1185-1194.
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    1. Maria Ameen & Mushtaq Ahmad & Muhammad Zafar & Mamoona Munir & Muhammad Mujtaba Mujtaba & Shazia Sultana & Rozina . & Samah Elsayed El-Khatib & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & M. A. Kalam, 2022. "Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-38, June.
    2. Wancura, João H.C. & Brondani, Michel & dos Santos, Maicon S.N. & Oro, Carolina E.D. & Wancura, Guilherme C. & Tres, Marcus V. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2023. "Demystifying the enzymatic biodiesel: How lipases are contributing to its technological advances," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).

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