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Development and testing of a risk-based control system for autonomous ships

Author

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  • Johansen, Thomas
  • Blindheim, Simon
  • Torben, Tobias Rye
  • Utne, Ingrid Bouwer
  • Johansen, Tor Arne
  • Sørensen, Asgeir J.

Abstract

This paper presents a method for designing and verifying a control system with risk-based decision-making capabilities to improve its intelligence and enhance the safe operation of autonomous systems. The decision-making capabilities are improved, compared to existing control systems, using a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) that is derived from the systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) as a foundation for an online risk model, which represents the operational risk for an autonomous ship. Combined with an electronic navigational chart (ENC) module to get accurate information about the environment, this enables the ship to operate in a safe and efficient manner. In addition, the control system is verified against safety and performance requirements using a formal verification method, based on temporal logic and Gaussian processes. The proposed methodology is tested in a case study where the system’s behavior is compared with an existing conventional (manned) ship on experimental data from two routes along the coast. The case study shows that the performance of the SRC with respect to the autonomous ship speed and maneuvering is similar to how the existing ship is operated. This means that the proposed methodology shows promising results with respect to developing autonomous ships with control systems and leads to intelligent and safe behavior.

Suggested Citation

  • Johansen, Thomas & Blindheim, Simon & Torben, Tobias Rye & Utne, Ingrid Bouwer & Johansen, Tor Arne & Sørensen, Asgeir J., 2023. "Development and testing of a risk-based control system for autonomous ships," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:234:y:2023:i:c:s0951832023001102
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109195
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. de Vos, Jiri & Hekkenberg, Robert G. & Valdez Banda, Osiris A., 2021. "The Impact of Autonomous Ships on Safety at Sea – A Statistical Analysis," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Cheng, Tingting & Utne, Ingrid Bouwer & Wu, Bing & Wu, Qing, 2023. "A novel system-theoretic approach for human-system collaboration safety: Case studies on two degrees of autonomy for autonomous ships," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    2. Dasgupta, Agnimitra & Johnson, Erik A., 2024. "REIN: Reliability Estimation via Importance sampling with Normalizing flows," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    3. Tsoumpris, Charalampos & Theotokatos, Gerasimos, 2023. "A decision-making approach for the health-aware energy management of ship hybrid power plants," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    4. Fan, Cunlong & Montewka, Jakub & Bolbot, Victor & Zhang, Yang & Qiu, Yuhui & Hu, Shenping, 2024. "Towards an analysis framework for operational risk coupling mode: A case from MASS navigating in restricted waters," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    5. Cheng, Tingting & Veitch, Erik A. & Utne, Ingrid Bouwer & Ramos, Marilia A. & Mosleh, Ali & Alsos, Ole Andreas & Wu, Bing, 2024. "Analysis of human errors in human-autonomy collaboration in autonomous ships operations through shore control experimental data," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).

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