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Measurements of boil-off gas and stratification in cryogenic liquid nitrogen with implications for the storage and transport of liquefied natural gas

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  • Perez, Fernando
  • Al Ghafri, Saif Z.S.
  • Gallagher, Liam
  • Siahvashi, Arman
  • Ryu, Yonghee
  • Kim, Sungwoo
  • Kim, Sung Gyu
  • Johns, Michael L.
  • May, Eric F.

Abstract

The boil-off gas (BOG) produced from liquefied natural gas (LNG) mixtures in cryogenic storage tanks must be predicted reliably as a function of tank shape, heat ingress, thermal stratification, pressure, and liquid volume fraction. However, current methods of estimating BOG rates for large-scale tanks are entirely empirical and based on limited available data, with no models available for reliable predictions. This affects the ability of LNG carriers to optimise BOG compressor sizing. A new apparatus was developed to explore the effects of heat flux, liquid stratification, volume, and mixture composition on the measured boil-off rate. The apparatus is demonstrated using liquid nitrogen with BOG rates quantified as a function of various heat fluxes, pressures, and initial liquid volume fractions. Three distinct periods of boil-off were observed: the pressurisation, transient, and steady-state stages. The data are compared with the available literature and the predictions of a new dynamic model accounting for heat transfer from the super-heated vapour. Excellent agreement is observed between model predictions and the data measured during the pressurisation and steady-state stages. However, the model does not capture the BOG rate observed in the transient stage, suggesting liquid thermal stratification should be considered in future models for LNG boil-off.

Suggested Citation

  • Perez, Fernando & Al Ghafri, Saif Z.S. & Gallagher, Liam & Siahvashi, Arman & Ryu, Yonghee & Kim, Sungwoo & Kim, Sung Gyu & Johns, Michael L. & May, Eric F., 2021. "Measurements of boil-off gas and stratification in cryogenic liquid nitrogen with implications for the storage and transport of liquefied natural gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:222:y:2021:i:c:s036054422100102x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.119853
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Huerta, Felipe & Vesovic, Velisa, 2024. "CFD modelling of the non-isobaric evaporation of cryogenic liquids in storage tanks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    2. Jung, Byungchan & Park, Kiheum & Sohn, Younghoon & Oh, Juyoung & Lee, Joon Chae & Jung, Hae Won & Seo, Yutaek & Lim, Youngsub, 2022. "Prediction model of LNG weathering using net mass and heat transfer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    3. Wang, Zhihao & Sharafian, Amir & Mérida, Walter, 2022. "Thermal stratification and rollover phenomena in liquefied natural gas tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    4. Marques, Pedro A. & Ahizi, Samuel & Mendez, Miguel A., 2024. "Real-time data assimilation for the thermodynamic modeling of cryogenic storage tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    5. Kang, Goanwoo & Im, Junyoung & Lee, Chul-Jin, 2024. "Operational strategy to minimize operating cost in LNG terminal using a comprehensive numerical boil-off gas model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    6. Chen, Han & Yang, Guang & Wu, Jingyi, 2023. "A multi-zone thermodynamic model for predicting LNG ageing in large cryogenic tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).

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