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Thermal stratification and rollover phenomena in liquefied natural gas tanks

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  • Wang, Zhihao
  • Sharafian, Amir
  • Mérida, Walter

Abstract

A non-equilibrium multilayer thermodynamic model is developed to predict the thermal stratification and rollover phenomena in liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. This model considers the boundary layer formation along the tank walls and uses an adaptive mesh to accommodate the changes in the LNG level in the tank over time. The accuracy of the model is verified against experiment data available in the literature to predict the thermal stratification and rollover in cryogenic storage tanks. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the key factors affecting the rollover start time. The results indicate that in an LNG storage tank at atmospheric pressure, the ratio between the amount of fresh LNG loaded to the tank (cargo) and the amount of LNG left in the tank (heel) prior to the loading of cargo, and the methane concentration in the cargo layer have direct effects on the rollover start time. The amount of heat transfer to the tank, the tank aspect ratio, and the nitrogen concentration in the heel or cargo layers affect the LNG evaporation rate. Our results indicate that the cargo to heel ratio should be determined with caution to prevent the rollover in LNG storage tanks.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Zhihao & Sharafian, Amir & Mérida, Walter, 2022. "Thermal stratification and rollover phenomena in liquefied natural gas tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:238:y:2022:i:pc:s0360544221022428
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121994
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Zhihao & Sharafian, Amir & Mérida, Walter, 2020. "Non-equilibrium thermodynamic model for liquefied natural gas storage tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    2. Perez, Fernando & Al Ghafri, Saif Z.S. & Gallagher, Liam & Siahvashi, Arman & Ryu, Yonghee & Kim, Sungwoo & Kim, Sung Gyu & Johns, Michael L. & May, Eric F., 2021. "Measurements of boil-off gas and stratification in cryogenic liquid nitrogen with implications for the storage and transport of liquefied natural gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    3. Zhang, Xiaochun & Myhrvold, Nathan P. & Hausfather, Zeke & Caldeira, Ken, 2016. "Climate benefits of natural gas as a bridge fuel and potential delay of near-zero energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 317-322.
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    Cited by:

    1. Huerta, Felipe & Vesovic, Velisa, 2024. "CFD modelling of the non-isobaric evaporation of cryogenic liquids in storage tanks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    2. Jeon, Gyu-Mok & Park, Jong-Chun & Kim, Jae-Won & Lee, Young-Bum & Kim, Deok-Su & Kang, Dong-Eok & Lee, Sang-Beom & Lee, Sang-Won & Ryu, Min-Cheol, 2022. "Experimental and numerical investigation of change in boil-off gas and thermodynamic characteristics according to filling ratio in a C-type cryogenic liquid fuel tank," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    3. Duan, Zhongdi & Zhu, Yifeng & Wang, Chenbiao & Yuan, Yuchao & Xue, Hongxiang & Tang, Wenyong, 2023. "Numerical and theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic response in marine LNG fuel tanks under sloshing conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    4. Kim, Jeong Hwan & Lee, Min-Kyung & Jang, Wookil & Lee, Jae-Hun, 2023. "Strain behavior of very new high manganese steel for 200,000 m3 LNG cryogenic storage tank," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).

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