IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v357y2024ics0306261923018603.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Traction motors for electric vehicles: Maximization of mechanical efficiency – A review

Author

Listed:
  • Gobbi, Massimiliano
  • Sattar, Aqeab
  • Palazzetti, Roberto
  • Mastinu, Gianpiero

Abstract

With the accelerating electrification revolution, new challenges and opportunities are yet emerging, despite range anxiety is still one of the biggest obstacles. Battery has been in the spotlight for resolving this problem, but other critical vehicle components such as traction motors are the key to efficient propulsion. Traction motor design involves a multidisciplinary approach, with still significant room for improvement in terms of efficiency. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of scientific literature looking at various aspects of traction motors to maximize mechanical efficiency for the application to high-performance Battery Electric Vehicles. At first, and overview on the mechanical design of electric motors is presented, focusing on topology selection, efficiency, transmission systems, and vehicle layouts; Special attention is then paid to the thermal management, as it is one of the main aspects that affects the global efficiency of such machines; thirdly, the paper presents a discussion on possible future trends to tackle ongoing challenges and to further enhance the performance of traction motors.

Suggested Citation

  • Gobbi, Massimiliano & Sattar, Aqeab & Palazzetti, Roberto & Mastinu, Gianpiero, 2024. "Traction motors for electric vehicles: Maximization of mechanical efficiency – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:357:y:2024:i:c:s0306261923018603
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122496
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923018603
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122496?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Caiyang Wei & Theo Hofman & Esin Ilhan Caarls, 2021. "Co-Design of CVT-Based Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-33, March.
    2. Burd, Joshua Thomas Jameson & Moore, Elizabeth A. & Ezzat, Hesham & Kirchain, Randolph & Roth, Richard, 2021. "Improvements in electric vehicle battery technology influence vehicle lightweighting and material substitution decisions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    3. Ahn, Jae Hwan & Kang, Hoon & Lee, Ho Seong & Jung, Hae Won & Baek, Changhyun & Kim, Yongchan, 2014. "Heating performance characteristics of a dual source heat pump using air and waste heat in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 1-9.
    4. Divya Tiwari & Jill Miscandlon & Ashutosh Tiwari & Geraint W. Jewell, 2021. "A Review of Circular Economy Research for Electric Motors and the Role of Industry 4.0 Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-19, August.
    5. Binh-Minh Nguyen & Hung Van Nguyen & Minh Ta-Cao & Michihiro Kawanishi, 2020. "Longitudinal Modelling and Control of In-Wheel-Motor Electric Vehicles as Multi-Agent Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-28, October.
    6. Muhammad Usman Naseer & Ants Kallaste & Bilal Asad & Toomas Vaimann & Anton Rassõlkin, 2021. "A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-24, March.
    7. Stefano De Pinto & Pablo Camocardi & Christoforos Chatzikomis & Aldo Sorniotti & Francesco Bottiglione & Giacomo Mantriota & Pietro Perlo, 2020. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, June.
    8. Kwon, Kihan & Jo, Junhyeong & Min, Seungjae, 2021. "Multi-objective gear ratio and shifting pattern optimization of multi-speed transmissions for electric vehicles considering variable transmission efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    9. Song, Zaixin & Liu, Chunhua, 2022. "Energy efficient design and implementation of electric machines in air transport propulsion system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    10. Mitsuhide Sato & Keigo Takazawa & Manabu Horiuchi & Ryoken Masuda & Ryo Yoshida & Masami Nirei & Yinggang Bu & Tsutomu Mizuno, 2020. "Reducing Rotor Temperature Rise in Concentrated Winding Motor by Using Magnetic Powder Mixed Resin Ring," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-15, December.
    11. Fuad Un-Noor & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Lucian Mihet-Popa & Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah & Eklas Hossain, 2017. "A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-84, August.
    12. Hong, Xianqian & Wu, Jinglai & Zhang, Nong & Wang, Bing, 2022. "Energy efficiency optimization of Simpson planetary gearset based dual-motor powertrains for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    13. Piotr Szewczyk & Andrzej Łebkowski, 2021. "Studies on Energy Consumption of Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Powered by In-Wheel Drive Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-28, November.
    14. Emad Roshandel & Amin Mahmoudi & Solmaz Kahourzade & Amirmehdi Yazdani & GM Shafiullah, 2021. "Losses in Efficiency Maps of Electric Vehicles: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-27, November.
    15. Kahourzade, Solmaz & Mahmoudi, Amin & Roshandel, Emad & Cao, Zhi, 2021. "Optimal design of Axial-Flux Induction Motors based on an improved analytical model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    16. Edison Gundabattini & Arkadiusz Mystkowski & Adam Idzkowski & Raja Singh R. & Darius Gnanaraj Solomon, 2021. "Thermal Mapping of a High-Speed Electric Motor Used for Traction Applications and Analysis of Various Cooling Methods—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-32, March.
    17. Shilei Zhou & Paul Walker & Yang Tian & Cong Thanh Nguyen & Nong Zhang, 2021. "Comparison on Energy Economy and Vibration Characteristics of Electric and Hydraulic in-Wheel Drive Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, April.
    18. Ahmed Selema & Mohamed N. Ibrahim & Peter Sergeant, 2022. "Metal Additive Manufacturing for Electrical Machines: Technology Review and Latest Advancements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, January.
    19. Feng, Sida & Magee, Christopher L., 2020. "Technological development of key domains in electric vehicles: Improvement rates, technology trajectories and key assignees," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hans Tiismus & Ants Kallaste & Toomas Vaimann & Liina Lind & Indrek Virro & Anton Rassõlkin & Tatjana Dedova, 2022. "Laser Additively Manufactured Magnetic Core Design and Process for Electrical Machine Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.
    2. Dimitrios Rimpas & Stavrοs D. Kaminaris & Dimitrios D. Piromalis & George Vokas & Konstantinos G. Arvanitis & Christos-Spyridon Karavas, 2023. "Comparative Review of Motor Technologies for Electric Vehicles Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-24, March.
    3. João Pedro F. Trovão & Minh Cao Ta, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Efficient Power and Propulsion Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-4, May.
    4. Gao, Bingzhao & Meng, Dele & Shi, Wentong & Cai, Wenqi & Dong, Shiying & Zhang, Yuanjian & Chen, Hong, 2022. "Topology optimization and the evolution trends of two-speed transmission of EVs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    5. Jung, Jongho & Jeon, Yongseok & Cho, Wonhee & Kim, Yongchan, 2020. "Effects of injection-port angle and internal heat exchanger length in vapor injection heat pumps for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    6. Khairy Sayed & Abdulaziz Almutairi & Naif Albagami & Omar Alrumayh & Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil & Hedra Saleeb, 2022. "A Review of DC-AC Converters for Electric Vehicle Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-32, February.
    7. Xie, Yunkun & Li, Yangyang & Zhao, Zhichao & Dong, Hao & Wang, Shuqian & Liu, Jingping & Guan, Jinhuan & Duan, Xiongbo, 2020. "Microsimulation of electric vehicle energy consumption and driving range," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    8. Danijel Pavković & Mihael Cipek & Zdenko Kljaić & Tomislav Josip Mlinarić & Mario Hrgetić & Davor Zorc, 2018. "Damping Optimum-Based Design of Control Strategy Suitable for Battery/Ultracapacitor Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-26, October.
    9. Paolo Lazzeroni & Brunella Caroleo & Maurizio Arnone & Cristiana Botta, 2021. "A Simplified Approach to Estimate EV Charging Demand in Urban Area: An Italian Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-18, October.
    10. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Kadam, Sambhaji & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "A fuel cell range extender integrating with heat pump for cabin heat and power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    11. Jerzy Ryszard Szymanski & Marta Zurek-Mortka & Daniel Wojciechowski & Nikolai Poliakov, 2020. "Unidirectional DC/DC Converter with Voltage Inverter for Fast Charging of Electric Vehicle Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-17, September.
    12. Mahdi Tousizadeh & Amirmehdi Yazdani & Hang Seng Che & Hai Wang & Amin Mahmoudi & Nasrudin Abd Rahim, 2022. "A Generalized Fault Tolerant Control Based on Back EMF Feedforward Compensation: Derivation and Application on Induction Motors Drives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, December.
    13. Ioannis Skouros & Athanasios Karlis, 2020. "A Study on the V2G Technology Incorporation in a DC Nanogrid and on the Provision of Voltage Regulation to the Power Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-23, May.
    14. Qinglan Liu & Adriana Hofmann Trevisan & Miying Yang & Janaina Mascarenhas, 2022. "A framework of digital technologies for the circular economy: Digital functions and mechanisms," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(5), pages 2171-2192, July.
    15. Hasan Huseyin Coban & Wojciech Lewicki & Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak & Zbigniew Łosiewicz & Wojciech Drożdż & Radosław Miśkiewicz, 2022. "Electric Vehicles and Vehicle–Grid Interaction in the Turkish Electricity System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-19, November.
    16. Md Ragib Ahssan & Mehran Ektesabi & Saman Gorji, 2023. "Evaluation of a Three-Parameter Gearshift Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-28, March.
    17. Heba-Allah I. ElAzab & R. A. Swief & Hanady H. Issa & Noha H. El-Amary & Alsnosy Balbaa & H. K. Temraz, 2018. "FPGA Eco Unit Commitment Based Gravitational Search Algorithm Integrating Plug-in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-17, September.
    18. Oğuz Mısır & Mehmet Akar, 2022. "Efficiency and Core Loss Map Estimation with Machine Learning Based Multivariate Polynomial Regression Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-18, October.
    19. Gao, Yan & Jiang, Chen & Yu, Dahai & Ahmad, Maiwand, 2023. "A novel electric differential and synchronization control method for 4WD/4WS electric vehicles based on fictitious master," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    20. Milad Akbari & Morris Brenna & Michela Longo, 2018. "Optimal Locating of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations by Application of Genetic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-14, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:357:y:2024:i:c:s0306261923018603. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.