IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v305y2022ics0306261921011582.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles’ air conditioning systems

Author

Listed:
  • Song, Yulong
  • Wang, Haidan
  • Ma, Yuan
  • Yin, Xiang
  • Cao, Feng

Abstract

New energy transportation is an important link for the future development of global energy industry, while higher and more precise requirements for the new energy vehicles’ air conditioning systems are also needed with its rapid development. Because of the stringent environmental and energy problems, the natural refrigerant CO2 (carbon dioxide) is investigated in this paper as an ideal alternative of the conventional HFC (Hydrofluorocarbon, R407C) used in bus/railway vehicle air conditioning systems. First, after constructing the thermodynamic simulation models and developing the operational strategies under the one-dimensional simulation of thermodynamic cycle, the thermodynamic performances of both CO2 and R407C systems are comprehensively compared under all the annual heating/cooling conditions, which showed that CO2 system performs absolutely better in heating but not good enough in cooling mode. Then, based on the annual climate data of 116 cities/regions, the daily heating/cooling loads and corresponding power consumptions, COPs of both CO2 and R407C systems are clearly summarized, thereafter the life cycle climate performances (LCCP) and total costs are obtained. As results, the annual comprehensive ratios of CO2 performances over R407C are 0.949, 1.047, 0.915 from energetic, environmental and economic aspects. By drawing the contour maps, an innovative concept of CO2 equators are proposed and described in detail from energetic, environmental and economic perspectives. By formulating the annual operation strategy of the CO2 system on the vehicle, obtaining its annual comprehensive performance, and comprehensively considering the energy consumption index, environmental protection index and economic index of the CO2 system from the global application perspective, this study has filled the research gap mentioned above, which would also be a significant reference for researchers, manufacturers, component suppliers and policy makers.

Suggested Citation

  • Song, Yulong & Wang, Haidan & Ma, Yuan & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng, 2022. "Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles’ air conditioning systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:305:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921011582
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117830
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921011582
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117830?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gullo, Paride & Tsamos, Konstantinos M. & Hafner, Armin & Banasiak, Krzysztof & Ge, Yunting T. & Tassou, Savvas A., 2018. "Crossing CO2 equator with the aid of multi-ejector concept: A comprehensive energy and environmental comparative study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 236-263.
    2. Hannan, M.A. & Azidin, F.A. & Mohamed, A., 2014. "Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 135-150.
    3. Wang, Dandong & Zhang, Zhenyu & Yu, Binbin & Wang, Xinnan & Shi, Junye & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental research on charge determination and accumulator behavior in trans-critical CO2 mobile air-conditioning system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 106-115.
    4. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Griffiths, Steve & Kim, Jinsoo & Bazilian, Morgan, 2021. "Climate change and industrial F-gases: A critical and systematic review of developments, sociotechnical systems and policy options for reducing synthetic greenhouse gas emissions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    5. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Guo, Zhikai & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental energetic analysis of CO2/R41 blends in automobile air-conditioning and heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1142-1153.
    6. Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    7. Zhang, Jing & Zhang, Hong-Hu & He, Ya-Ling & Tao, Wen-Quan, 2016. "A comprehensive review on advances and applications of industrial heat pumps based on the practices in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 800-825.
    8. Llopis, Rodrigo & Sánchez, Daniel & Sanz-Kock, Carlos & Cabello, Ramón & Torrella, Enrique, 2015. "Energy and environmental comparison of two-stage solutions for commercial refrigeration at low temperature: Fluids and systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 133-142.
    9. Tie, Siang Fui & Tan, Chee Wei, 2013. "A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 82-102.
    10. Dai, Baomin & Liu, Shengchun & Zhu, Kai & Sun, Zhili & Ma, Yitai, 2017. "Thermodynamic performance evaluation of transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle integrated with thermoelectric subcooler and expander," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 787-800.
    11. Chesi, Andrea & Esposito, Fabio & Ferrara, Giovanni & Ferrari, Lorenzo, 2014. "Experimental analysis of R744 parallel compression cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 274-285.
    12. Amjad, Shaik & Neelakrishnan, S. & Rudramoorthy, R., 2010. "Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 1104-1110, April.
    13. Ma, Yitai & Liu, Zhongyan & Tian, Hua, 2013. "A review of transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump and refrigeration cycles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 156-172.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. He, Yu-Jia & Tai, Ying-Di & Fakrouche, Nassim & Zhang, Chun-Lu, 2023. "Applicability evaluation of internal heat exchanger in CO2 transcritical cycle considering compressor operation boundaries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    2. Wang, Anci & Yin, Xiang & Xin, Zhicheng & Cao, Feng & Wu, Zan & Sundén, Bengt & Xiao, Di, 2023. "Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    3. Guo, Wenhua & Li, Feng & Zhao, Rijing & Huang, Dong & Zhao, Yongfeng, 2024. "Predicting evaporation heat transfer coefficient distribution in multi-path alternating-laminated-microchannel-tube (ALMT) heat exchanger based on infrared thermography," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    4. Shao, Z. & Wang, Z.G. & Poredoš, P. & Ge, T.S. & Wang, R.Z., 2023. "Highly efficient desiccant-coated heat exchanger-based heat pump to decarbonize rail transportation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    5. Jia, Fan & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng & Fang, Jianmin & Wang, Anci & Wang, Xixi & Yang, Lichen, 2024. "A novel control method for the automotive CO2 heat pumps under inappropriate refrigerant charge conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    6. Mа Jun & Yulia V. Leontyeva & Alexey Yu. Domnikov, 2022. "The Impact of China's Preferential Tax Policy on the Development of the Alternative Fuel Vehicle Industry," Journal of Applied Economic Research, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, vol. 21(2), pages 194-216.
    7. Cen, Xiao & Chen, Zengliang & Chen, Haifeng & Ding, Chen & Ding, Bo & Li, Fei & Lou, Fangwei & Zhu, Zhenyu & Zhang, Hongyu & Hong, Bingyuan, 2024. "User repurchase behavior prediction for integrated energy supply stations based on the user profiling method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    8. Hongzeng Ji & Jinchen Pei & Jingyang Cai & Chen Ding & Fen Guo & Yichun Wang, 2023. "Review of Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and Their Development in the Vehicle Field," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    9. Yu, Binbin & Long, Junan & Zhang, Yingjing & Ouyang, Hongsheng & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Chen, Jiangping, 2024. "Life cycle climate performance evaluation (LCCP) of electric vehicle heat pumps using low-GWP refrigerants towards China's carbon neutrality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yulong Song & Hongsheng Xie & Mengying Yang & Xiangyu Wei & Feng Cao & Xiang Yin, 2023. "A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO 2 -Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    3. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Guo, Zhikai & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental energetic analysis of CO2/R41 blends in automobile air-conditioning and heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1142-1153.
    4. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "An updated review of recent advances on modified technologies in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    5. Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M., 2017. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 268-291.
    6. Riba, Jordi-Roger & López-Torres, Carlos & Romeral, Luís & Garcia, Antoni, 2016. "Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 367-379.
    7. Alegre, Susana & Míguez, Juan V. & Carpio, José, 2017. "Modelling of electric and parallel-hybrid electric vehicle using Matlab/Simulink environment and planning of charging stations through a geographic information system and genetic algorithms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1020-1027.
    8. Jia, Fan & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng & Fang, Jianmin & Wang, Anci & Wang, Xixi & Yang, Lichen, 2024. "A novel control method for the automotive CO2 heat pumps under inappropriate refrigerant charge conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    9. Hongzeng Ji & Jinchen Pei & Jingyang Cai & Chen Ding & Fen Guo & Yichun Wang, 2023. "Review of Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and Their Development in the Vehicle Field," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    10. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.
    11. Artur Bieniek & Jan Kuchmacz & Karol Sztekler & Lukasz Mika & Ewelina Radomska, 2021. "A New Method of Regulating the Cooling Capacity of a Cooling System with CO 2," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-18, March.
    12. Wu, Chunxia & Sun, Yalong & Tang, Heng & Zhang, Shiwei & Yuan, Wei & Zhu, Likuan & Tang, Yong, 2024. "A review on the liquid cooling thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).
    13. Lian, Renzong & Peng, Jiankun & Wu, Yuankai & Tan, Huachun & Zhang, Hailong, 2020. "Rule-interposing deep reinforcement learning based energy management strategy for power-split hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    14. Twaha, Ssennoga & Zhu, Jie & Yan, Yuying & Li, Bo, 2016. "A comprehensive review of thermoelectric technology: Materials, applications, modelling and performance improvement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 698-726.
    15. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    16. Ahmed, Hossam A. & Megahed, Tamer F. & Mori, Shinsuke & Nada, Sameh & Hassan, Hamdy, 2023. "Novel design of thermo-electric air conditioning system integrated with PV panel for electric vehicles: Performance evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    17. Kumar, Lalit & Jain, Shailendra, 2014. "Electric propulsion system for electric vehicular technology: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 924-940.
    18. Asghari, Mohammad & Mirzapour Al-e-hashem, S. Mohammad J., 2021. "Green vehicle routing problem: A state-of-the-art review," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    19. Shaukat, N. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A. & Khan, J. & Farid, U. & Majid, M. & Anwar, S.M. & Jawad, M. & Ullah, Z., 2018. "A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1329-1349.
    20. Xian Zhao & Siqi Wang & Xiaoyue Wang, 2018. "Characteristics and Trends of Research on New Energy Vehicle Reliability Based on the Web of Science," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-25, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:305:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921011582. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.