IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v144y2015icp276-283.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Improved parallel mild hybrids for urban roads

Author

Listed:
  • Babu, Ajay
  • Ashok, S.

Abstract

The major challenge to the large-scale commercialisation of hybrid electric vehicles is their high initial and operating costs, although a mild hybrid is generally cheaper than a full hybrid of the same performance. Hence, the average operating efficiency of the internal combustion engine of a parallel hybrid and the energy saved by its battery modules when running on urban roads have been key research subjects. In this paper, a method for maximising the performance of heavyweight hybrid vehicles is proposed. Because the manipulation of the thresholds of the state of charge window of the battery of a parallel hybrid affects the performance of the vehicle when using the commonly employed electric power-assist strategy, we developed a method for determining the optimal sizes of the vehicle components that afford the most feasible operations using the conventional and modified power-assist strategies. Furthermore, the performances of the vehicle in both modes were analysed for various urban driving conditions representative of those encountered in the USA, Europe, and India. The results showed that energy saving in the battery pack after a typical urban driving cycle was higher in India than in the USA and Europe. The saving in India was determined to be 3.34%, whereas those in the USA and Europe were 3.13% and 0.23%, respectively. The energy savings in the battery pack of the same vehicle under identical conditions were determined using a simple internal resistance battery model and a resistance–capacitance battery model. The performance of a typical parallel mild hybrid capable of operating in the modified power-assist mode was also compared with that of an equivalent internal combustion engine vehicle presently on the Indian market.

Suggested Citation

  • Babu, Ajay & Ashok, S., 2015. "Improved parallel mild hybrids for urban roads," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 276-283.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:144:y:2015:i:c:p:276-283
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.007
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914012562
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.007?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dahlquist, Erik & Vassileva, Iana & Thorin, Eva & Wallin, Fredrik, 2012. "How to save energy to reach a balance between production and consumption of heat, electricity and fuels for vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 16-20.
    2. Shabbir, Wassif & Evangelou, Simos A., 2014. "Real-time control strategy to maximize hybrid electric vehicle powertrain efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 512-522.
    3. Saxena, Samveg & Gopal, Anand & Phadke, Amol, 2014. "Electrical consumption of two-, three- and four-wheel light-duty electric vehicles in India," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 582-590.
    4. Egbue, Ona & Long, Suzanna, 2012. "Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 717-729.
    5. Lewis, Anne Marie & Kelly, Jarod C. & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2014. "Vehicle lightweighting vs. electrification: Life cycle energy and GHG emissions results for diverse powertrain vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 13-20.
    6. Hannan, M.A. & Azidin, F.A. & Mohamed, A., 2014. "Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 135-150.
    7. Hu, Xiaosong & Murgovski, Nikolce & Johannesson, Lars & Egardt, Bo, 2013. "Energy efficiency analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus with different energy management strategies and battery sizes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 1001-1009.
    8. Saxena, Samveg & Phadke, Amol & Gopal, Anand, 2014. "Understanding the fuel savings potential from deploying hybrid cars in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1127-1133.
    9. Al-Alawi, Baha M. & Bradley, Thomas H., 2014. "Analysis of corporate average fuel economy regulation compliance scenarios inclusive of plug in hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1323-1337.
    10. Hou, Cong & Ouyang, Minggao & Xu, Liangfei & Wang, Hewu, 2014. "Approximate Pontryagin’s minimum principle applied to the energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 174-189.
    11. Hutchinson, Tim & Burgess, Stuart & Herrmann, Guido, 2014. "Current hybrid-electric powertrain architectures: Applying empirical design data to life cycle assessment and whole-life cost analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 314-329.
    12. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Hirsh, Richard F., 2009. "Beyond batteries: An examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 1095-1103, March.
    13. Tie, Siang Fui & Tan, Chee Wei, 2013. "A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 82-102.
    14. Chen, Bo-Chiuan & Wu, Yuh-Yih & Tsai, Hsien-Chi, 2014. "Design and analysis of power management strategy for range extended electric vehicle using dynamic programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1764-1774.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Shunli & Shang, Liping & Li, Zhanfeng & Deng, Hu & Li, Jianchao, 2016. "Online dynamic equalization adjustment of high-power lithium-ion battery packs based on the state of balance estimation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 44-58.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Finesso, Roberto & Spessa, Ezio & Venditti, Mattia, 2014. "Layout design and energetic analysis of a complex diesel parallel hybrid electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 573-588.
    2. Finesso, Roberto & Spessa, Ezio & Venditti, Mattia, 2016. "Cost-optimized design of a dual-mode diesel parallel hybrid electric vehicle for several driving missions and market scenarios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 366-383.
    3. Donateo, T. & Licci, F. & D’Elia, A. & Colangelo, G. & Laforgia, D. & Ciancarelli, F., 2015. "Evaluation of emissions of CO2 and air pollutants from electric vehicles in Italian cities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 675-687.
    4. Björnsson, Lars-Henrik & Karlsson, Sten, 2016. "The potential for brake energy regeneration under Swedish conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 75-84.
    5. Li, Liang & You, Sixiong & Yang, Chao & Yan, Bingjie & Song, Jian & Chen, Zheng, 2016. "Driving-behavior-aware stochastic model predictive control for plug-in hybrid electric buses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 868-879.
    6. Zhou, Xingyu & Qin, Datong & Hu, Jianjun, 2017. "Multi-objective optimization design and performance evaluation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1608-1625.
    7. Hu, Xiaosong & Johannesson, Lars & Murgovski, Nikolce & Egardt, Bo, 2015. "Longevity-conscious dimensioning and power management of the hybrid energy storage system in a fuel cell hybrid electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 913-924.
    8. Chen, Zheng & Xia, Bing & You, Chenwen & Mi, Chunting Chris, 2015. "A novel energy management method for series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 172-179.
    9. Ali Solouk & Mahdi Shahbakhti, 2016. "Energy Optimization and Fuel Economy Investigation of a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Integrated with Diesel/RCCI Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-23, December.
    10. Tian, He & Lu, Ziwang & Wang, Xu & Zhang, Xinlong & Huang, Yong & Tian, Guangyu, 2016. "A length ratio based neural network energy management strategy for online control of plug-in hybrid electric city bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 71-80.
    11. Sarmad Zaman Rajper & Johan Albrecht, 2020. "Prospects of Electric Vehicles in the Developing Countries: A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.
    12. Eunil Park & Jooyoung Lim & Yongwoo Cho, 2018. "Understanding the Emergence and Social Acceptance of Electric Vehicles as Next-Generation Models for the Automobile Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-13, March.
    13. Ren, Guizhou & Ma, Guoqing & Cong, Ning, 2015. "Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 225-236.
    14. Wu, Jingda & He, Hongwen & Peng, Jiankun & Li, Yuecheng & Li, Zhanjiang, 2018. "Continuous reinforcement learning of energy management with deep Q network for a power split hybrid electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 799-811.
    15. Peng Cheng & Zhe Ouyang & Yang Liu, 0. "The effect of information overload on the intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicles," Transportation, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-20.
    16. Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M., 2017. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 268-291.
    17. Du, Jiuyu & Chen, Jingfu & Song, Ziyou & Gao, Mingming & Ouyang, Minggao, 2017. "Design method of a power management strategy for variable battery capacities range-extended electric vehicles to improve energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 32-42.
    18. Zhou, Quan & Zhang, Wei & Cash, Scott & Olatunbosun, Oluremi & Xu, Hongming & Lu, Guoxiang, 2017. "Intelligent sizing of a series hybrid electric power-train system based on Chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 588-601.
    19. Saxena, Samveg & MacDonald, Jason & Moura, Scott, 2015. "Charging ahead on the transition to electric vehicles with standard 120V wall outlets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 720-728.
    20. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:144:y:2015:i:c:p:276-283. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.