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Unravelling the mystery of Chinese building lifetime: A calibration and verification based on dynamic material flow analysis

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  • Cao, Zhi
  • Liu, Gang
  • Duan, Huabo
  • Xi, Fengming
  • Liu, Guiwen
  • Yang, Wei

Abstract

Building lifetime is a crucial parameter for modelling building stock’s turnovers and related dynamics of embodied and operational energy demand. However, it is poorly characterized and often based on assumptions (especially for developing countries such as China), because no or few empirical data are available. Here we combined a top-down dynamic material flow analysis method with bottom-up information (i.e., age profile of residential building stock, per capita residential floor area, and population) to calibrate the lifetimes of Chinese buildings from 1950 to 2015. We contrasted the top-down estimates with existing literature and primary data from on-site surveys to verify the plausibility of calibrated building lifetimes. We found an overall downward trend of building lifetimes during 1950–1989 and a gradual climb-up since 1990s. However, the present Chinese building lifetime appears still far below the design lifetime (50 years). Up to 2015, the floor areas of Chinese building stock has reached an enormous level of 64.7 billion m2; on the per capita basis, it has reached 30.5 and 15.7 m2 for residential and non-residential use, respectively. The yearly demolished floor areas have reached at a level of 1.6 billion m2. The improved building lifetimes can enhance our understanding of building stock’s turnovers and vintage-based energy performance and thus help better characterize life cycle energy demand of building stocks and beyond. To further the use of the calibrated building lifetimes, modelers and data users should also be aware of the variable building lifetimes and have a structured overview of data sources and their inconsistency.

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  • Cao, Zhi & Liu, Gang & Duan, Huabo & Xi, Fengming & Liu, Guiwen & Yang, Wei, 2019. "Unravelling the mystery of Chinese building lifetime: A calibration and verification based on dynamic material flow analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 442-452.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:238:y:2019:i:c:p:442-452
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.106
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    2. Jing Guo & Tomer Fishman & Yao Wang & Alessio Miatto & Wendy Wuyts & Licheng Zheng & Heming Wang & Hiroki Tanikawa, 2021. "Urban development and sustainability challenges chronicled by a century of construction material flows and stocks in Tiexi, China," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(1), pages 162-175, February.
    3. Yang, Honghua & Ma, Linwei & Li, Zheng, 2023. "Tracing China's steel use from steel flows in the production system to steel footprints in the consumption system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    4. Dong Yang & Mengyuan Dang & Lingwen Sun & Feng Han & Feng Shi & Hongbo Zhang & Hongjun Zhang, 2021. "A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-23, September.
    5. Qiance Liu & Litao Liu & Xiaojie Liu & Shenggong Li & Gang Liu, 2021. "Building stock dynamics and the impact of construction bubble and bust on employment in China," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(6), pages 1631-1643, December.
    6. Li, Shengping & Rismanchi, Behzad & Aye, Lu, 2022. "A simulation-based bottom-up approach for analysing the evolution of residential buildings’ material stocks and environmental impacts – A case study of Inner Melbourne," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    7. Abd Alla, Sara & Bianco, Vincenzo & Tagliafico, Luca A. & Scarpa, Federico, 2020. "Life-cycle approach to the estimation of energy efficiency measures in the buildings sector," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    8. Yang, Xining & Hu, Mingming & Tukker, Arnold & Zhang, Chunbo & Huo, Tengfei & Steubing, Bernhard, 2022. "A bottom-up dynamic building stock model for residential energy transition: A case study for the Netherlands," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    9. Guo, Shan & Zheng, Shupeng & Hu, Yunhao & Hong, Jingke & Wu, Xiaofang & Tang, Miaohan, 2019. "Embodied energy use in the global construction industry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
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