IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v204y2017icp1215-1224.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Bo
  • Jiang, Yizhou
  • Hutchins, Peter
  • Badawy, Tawfik
  • Xu, Hongming
  • Zhang, Xinyu
  • Rack, Alexander
  • Tafforeau, Paul

Abstract

Injector deposit is a common phenomenon for gasoline direct ignition (GDI) engines that greatly affects the spray behavior and consequently the combustion performance and emissions. In this study, the effect of deposit on both the in-nozzle flow dynamics and downstream spray behaviors was numerically investigated. High-resolution X-ray microtomographic scans were performed first to obtain nozzle and deposit morphologies and topology. In-nozzle simulation was then carried out in the Euler-Euler framework with cavitation taken into account by a homogeneous relaxation model (HRM). Finally, the effect of deposit on spray behaviors was evaluated in the Euler-Lagrangian framework, coupled with the in-nozzle simulation results. Results of the nozzle flow simulations highlight that the rough surface of the deposits leads to additional cavitation inception and restricts the flow area, causing mass flow rate losses. Deposits inside the counterbore act as an extension to the inner orifice and constrain the air recirculation. Turbulent levels at the exit of the counterbore are lower for the coked injector due to the reduced air/fuel interaction. Spray simulations have shown that deposits would lead to longer spray penetration, a smaller spray cone angle and larger droplets diameters. Simulation results agree reasonably well with the available experimental data.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Hutchins, Peter & Badawy, Tawfik & Xu, Hongming & Zhang, Xinyu & Rack, Alexander & Tafforeau, Paul, 2017. "Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1215-1224.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:204:y:2017:i:c:p:1215-1224
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.094
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917303355
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.094?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Qing & Gao, Ya & Chu, Miaoqi & Chen, Pice & Zhang, Qingteng & Wang, Jin, 2023. "Enhanced energy conversion efficiency promoted by cavitation in gasoline direct injection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    2. Xu, Leilei & Bai, Xue-Song & Jia, Ming & Qian, Yong & Qiao, Xinqi & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Experimental and modeling study of liquid fuel injection and combustion in diesel engines with a common rail injection system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 287-304.
    3. Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Srivastava, Dhananjay & Ma, Xiao & Dearn, Karl & Cracknell, Roger & Krueger-Venus, Jens, 2017. "Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 390-402.
    4. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    5. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Hutchins, Peter & Xu, Hongming & Krueger Venus, Jens & Cracknell, Roger, 2018. "Investigation of injector coking effects on spray characteristic and engine performance in gasoline direct injection engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 375-394.
    6. Slavchov, Radomir I. & Mosbach, Sebastian & Kraft, Markus & Pearson, Richard & Filip, Sorin V., 2018. "An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1423-1438.
    7. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Xu, Hongming & Ghafourian, Akbar, 2018. "Assessment of gasoline direct injector fouling effects on fuel injection, engine performance and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 351-374.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jiang, Chenxu & Li, Zilong & Qian, Yong & Wang, Xiaole & Zhang, Yahui & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Influences of fuel injection strategies on combustion performance and regular/irregular emissions in a turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine: Commercial gasoline versus multi-components gasoli," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 173-187.
    2. Yu, Shenghao & Yin, Bifeng & Bi, Qinsheng & Chen, Chen & Jia, Hekun, 2021. "Experimental and numerical investigation on inner flow and spray characteristics of elliptical GDI injectors with large aspect ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    3. Tara Larsson & Senthil Krishnan Mahendar & Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson & Ulf Olofsson, 2021. "The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-24, June.
    4. Krishna, Addepalli S. & Mallikarjuna, J.M. & Kumar, Davinder, 2016. "Effect of engine parameters on in-cylinder flows in a two-stroke gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 282-294.
    5. Wang, Xin & Ge, Yunshan & Liu, Linlin & Peng, Zihang & Hao, Lijun & Yin, Hang & Ding, Yan & Wang, Junfang, 2015. "Evaluation on toxic reduction and fuel economy of a gasoline direct injection- (GDI-) powered passenger car fueled with methanol–gasoline blends with various substitution ratios," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 134-143.
    6. Liu, Zengbin & Zhen, Xudong & Geng, Jie & Tian, Zhi, 2024. "Effects of injection timing on mixture formation, combustion, and emission characteristics in a n-butanol direct injection spark ignition engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    7. Mohsin Raza & Longfei Chen & Felix Leach & Shiting Ding, 2018. "A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    8. Costa, M. & Catapano, F. & Sementa, P. & Sorge, U. & Vaglieco, B.M., 2016. "Mixture preparation and combustion in a GDI engine under stoichiometric or lean charge: an experimental and numerical study on an optically accessible engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 86-103.
    9. Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Srivastava, Dhananjay & Ma, Xiao & Dearn, Karl & Cracknell, Roger & Krueger-Venus, Jens, 2017. "Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 390-402.
    10. Demesoukas, Sokratis & Brequigny, Pierre & Caillol, Christian & Halter, Fabien & Mounaïm-Rousselle, Christine, 2016. "0D modeling aspects of flame stretch in spark ignition engines and comparison with experimental results," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 401-412.
    11. Liu, Haoye & Wang, Chongming & Yu, Yusong & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao, 2020. "An experimental study on particle evolution in the exhaust gas of a direct injection SI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    12. Anbari Attar, Mohammadreza & Xu, Hongming, 2016. "Experimental investigation of impacts of engine hardware, operating parameters and combustion performance on particulate emissions in a DISI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 703-715.
    13. Fan, Qinhao & Liu, Shang & Qi, Yunliang & Cai, Kaiyuan & Wang, Zhi, 2021. "Investigation into ethanol effects on combustion and particle number emissions in a spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    14. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Xu, Hongming & Ghafourian, Akbar, 2018. "Assessment of gasoline direct injector fouling effects on fuel injection, engine performance and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 351-374.
    15. Del Pecchia, Marco & Fontanesi, Stefano & Prager, Jens & Kralj, Cedomir & Lehtiniemi, Harry, 2020. "A threshold soot index-based fuel surrogate formulation methodology to mimic sooting tendency of real fuels in 3D-CFD simulations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    16. Slavchov, Radomir I. & Mosbach, Sebastian & Kraft, Markus & Pearson, Richard & Filip, Sorin V., 2018. "An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1423-1438.
    17. Gao, Zhiming & Curran, Scott J. & Parks, James E. & Smith, David E. & Wagner, Robert M. & Daw, C. Stuart & Edwards, K. Dean & Thomas, John F., 2015. "Drive cycle simulation of high efficiency combustions on fuel economy and exhaust properties in light-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 762-776.
    18. Liu, Zengbin & Zhen, Xudong & Tian, Zhi & Liu, Daming & Wang, Yang, 2024. "Study on the effect of injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection spark ignition bio-butanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    19. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Hutchins, Peter & Xu, Hongming & Krueger Venus, Jens & Cracknell, Roger, 2018. "Investigation of injector coking effects on spray characteristic and engine performance in gasoline direct injection engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 375-394.
    20. Wang, Chongming & Zeraati-Rezaei, Soheil & Xiang, Liming & Xu, Hongming, 2017. "Ethanol blends in spark ignition engines: RON, octane-added value, cooling effect, compression ratio, and potential engine efficiency gain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 603-619.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Deposit; Nozzle; Cavitation; CFD; GDI; X-ray;
    All these keywords.

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:204:y:2017:i:c:p:1215-1224. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.