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An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines

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  • Slavchov, Radomir I.
  • Mosbach, Sebastian
  • Kraft, Markus
  • Pearson, Richard
  • Filip, Sorin V.

Abstract

The occurrence of deposits on fuel injectors used in gasoline direct injection engines can lead to fuel preparation and combustion events which lie outside of the intended engine design envelope. The fundamental mechanism for deposit formation is not well understood. The present work describes the development of a computational model and its application to a direct injection gasoline engine in order to describe the formation of injector deposits and quantify their effect on injector operation. The formation of fuel-derived deposits at the injector tip and inside the nozzle channel is investigated. After the end of an injection event, a fuel drop may leak out of the nozzle and wet the injector tip. The model postulates that the combination of high temperature and the presence of NOx produced by the combustion leads to the initiation of a reaction between the leaked fuel and the oxygen dissolved in it. Subsequently, the oxidation products attach at the injector surface as a polar proto-deposit phase. The rate of deposit formation is predicted for two limiting mechanisms: adsorption and precipitation. The effects of the thermal conditions within the engine and of the fuel composition are investigated. Branched alkanes show worse deposit formation tendency than n-alkanes. The model was also used to predict the impact of injector nozzle deposit thickness on the rate of fuel delivery and on the temperature of the injector surface.

Suggested Citation

  • Slavchov, Radomir I. & Mosbach, Sebastian & Kraft, Markus & Pearson, Richard & Filip, Sorin V., 2018. "An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1423-1438.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:228:y:2018:i:c:p:1423-1438
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.130
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Hutchins, Peter & Badawy, Tawfik & Xu, Hongming & Zhang, Xinyu & Rack, Alexander & Tafforeau, Paul, 2017. "Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1215-1224.
    2. Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Srivastava, Dhananjay & Ma, Xiao & Dearn, Karl & Cracknell, Roger & Krueger-Venus, Jens, 2017. "Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 390-402.
    3. Moon, Seoksu & Huang, Weidi & Li, Zhilong & Wang, Jin, 2016. "End-of-injection fuel dribble of multi-hole diesel injector: Comprehensive investigation of phenomenon and discussion on control strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 7-16.
    4. Liaquat, A.M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Fazal, M.A. & Khan, Abdul Faheem & Fayaz, H. & Varman, M., 2013. "Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 882-893.
    5. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
    6. Wang, Buyu & Mosbach, Sebastian & Schmutzhard, Sebastian & Shuai, Shijin & Huang, Yaqing & Kraft, Markus, 2016. "Modelling soot formation from wall films in a gasoline direct injection engine using a detailed population balance model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 154-166.
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    Cited by:

    1. Madruga, Santiago & Mendoza, Carolina, 2022. "Introducing a new concept for enhanced micro-energy harvesting of thermal fluctuations through the Marangoni effect," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    2. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    3. Alex Gander & Dan Sykes & Raúl Payri & Guillaume de Sercey & Dave Kennaird & Martin Gold & Richard J. Pearson & Cyril Crua, 2021. "High-Speed Infrared Measurement of Injector Tip Temperature during Diesel Engine Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.

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