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Experimental and modeling analysis of thermal runaway propagation over the large format energy storage battery module with Li4Ti5O12 anode

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  • Huang, Peifeng
  • Ping, Ping
  • Li, Ke
  • Chen, Haodong
  • Wang, Qingsong
  • Wen, Jennifer
  • Sun, Jinhua

Abstract

Insight of the thermal characteristics and potential flame spread over lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules is important for designing battery thermal management system and fire protection measures. Such thermal characteristics and potential flame spread are also dependent on the different anode and cathode materials as well as the electrolyte. In the present study, thermal behavior and flame propagation over seven 50Ah Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2/Li4Ti5O12 large format LIBs arranged in rhombus and parallel layouts were investigated by directly heating one of the battery units. Such batteries have already been used commercially for energy storage while relatively little is known about its safety features in connection with potential runaway caused fire and explosion hazards. It was found in the present heating tests that fire-impingement resulted in elevated temperatures in the immediate vicinity of the LIBs that were in the range of between 200°C and 900°C. Such temperature aggravated thermal runaway (TR) propagation, resulting in rapid temperature rise within the battery module and even explosions after 20min of “smoldering period”. The thermal runaway and subsequent fire and explosion observed in the heating test was attributed to the violent reduction of the cathode material which coexisted with the electrolyte when the temperature exceeded 260°C. Separate laboratory tests, which measured the heat and gases generation from samples of the anode and cathode materials using C80 calorimeter, provided insight of the physical-chemistry processes inside the battery when the temperature reaches between 30°C and 300°C. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature of the cell, regarded as the critical temperature to trigger TR propagation, was calculated as 126.1 and 139.2°C using the classical Semenov and Frank-Kamenetskii models and the measurements of the calorimeter with the samples. These are consistent with the measured values in the heating tests in which TR propagated. The events leading to the explosions in the test for the rhombus layout was further analyzed and two possible explanations were postulated and analyzed based on either internal catalytic reactions or Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapor Explosion (BLEVE).

Suggested Citation

  • Huang, Peifeng & Ping, Ping & Li, Ke & Chen, Haodong & Wang, Qingsong & Wen, Jennifer & Sun, Jinhua, 2016. "Experimental and modeling analysis of thermal runaway propagation over the large format energy storage battery module with Li4Ti5O12 anode," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 659-673.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:183:y:2016:i:c:p:659-673
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.160
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    7. Huang, Zonghou & Shen, Ting & Jin, Kaiqiang & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2022. "Heating power effect on the thermal runaway characteristics of large-format lithium ion battery with Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 as cathode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    8. Huang, Peifeng & Yao, Caixia & Mao, Binbin & Wang, Qingsong & Sun, Jinhua & Bai, Zhonghao, 2020. "The critical characteristics and transition process of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    9. Ren, Dongsheng & Feng, Xuning & Lu, Languang & He, Xiangming & Ouyang, Minggao, 2019. "Overcharge behaviors and failure mechanism of lithium-ion batteries under different test conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 323-332.
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    11. Meng, Lingyu & See, K.W. & Wang, Guofa & Wang, Yunpeng & Zhang, Yong & Zang, Caiyun & Xie, Bin, 2022. "Explosion-proof lithium-ion battery pack – In-depth investigation and experimental study on the design criteria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    12. Zhou, Zhizuan & Zhou, Xiaodong & Li, Maoyu & Cao, Bei & Liew, K.M. & Yang, Lizhong, 2022. "Experimentally exploring prevention of thermal runaway propagation of large-format prismatic lithium-ion battery module," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    13. Said, Ahmed O. & Lee, Christopher & Stoliarov, Stanislav I. & Marshall, André W., 2019. "Comprehensive analysis of dynamics and hazards associated with cascading failure in 18650 lithium ion cell arrays," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 415-428.
    14. Huang, Peifeng & Zeng, Ganghui & He, Yanyun & Liu, Shoutong & Li, Eric & Bai, Zhonghao, 2023. "Damage evolution mechanism and early warning using long short-term memory networks for battery slight overcharge cycles," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    15. Mao, Binbin & Zhao, Chunpeng & Chen, Haodong & Wang, Qingsong & Sun, Jinhua, 2021. "Experimental and modeling analysis of jet flow and fire dynamics of 18650-type lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    16. Huang, Zonghou & Yu, Yin & Duan, Qiangling & Qin, Peng & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2022. "Heating position effect on internal thermal runaway propagation in large-format lithium iron phosphate battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    17. Ren, Dongsheng & Liu, Xiang & Feng, Xuning & Lu, Languang & Ouyang, Minggao & Li, Jianqiu & He, Xiangming, 2018. "Model-based thermal runaway prediction of lithium-ion batteries from kinetics analysis of cell components," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 633-644.
    18. Wang, Zhi & Wang, Jian, 2020. "Investigation of external heating-induced failure propagation behaviors in large-size cell modules with different phase change materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    19. Hongxu Li & Qing Gao & Yan Wang, 2023. "Experimental Investigation of the Thermal Runaway Propagation Characteristics and Thermal Failure Prediction Parameters of Six-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-14, July.
    20. Mao, Binbin & Liu, Chaoqun & Yang, Kai & Li, Shi & Liu, Pengjie & Zhang, Mingjie & Meng, Xiangdong & Gao, Fei & Duan, Qiangling & Wang, Qingsong & Sun, Jinhua, 2021. "Thermal runaway and fire behaviors of a 300 Ah lithium ion battery with LiFePO4 as cathode," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).

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