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Modelling non‐stationary extremes with application to surface level ozone

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  • Emma F. Eastoe
  • Jonathan A. Tawn

Abstract

Summary. Statistical methods for modelling extremes of stationary sequences have received much attention. The most common method is to model the rate and size of exceedances of some high constant threshold; the size of exceedances is modelled by using a generalized Pareto distribution. Frequently, data sets display non‐stationarity; this is especially common in environmental applications. The ozone data set that is presented here is an example of such a data set. Surface level ozone levels display complex seasonal patterns and trends due to the mechanisms that are involved in ozone formation. The standard methods of modelling the extremes of a non‐stationary process focus on retaining a constant threshold but using covariate models in the rate and generalized Pareto distribution parameters. We suggest an alternative approach that uses preprocessing methods to model the non‐stationarity in the body of the process and then uses standard methods to model the extremes of the preprocessed data. We illustrate both the standard and the preprocessing methods by using a simulation study and a study of the ozone data. We suggest that the preprocessing method gives a model that better incorporates the underlying mechanisms that generate the process, produces a simpler and more efficient fit and allows easier computation.

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  • Emma F. Eastoe & Jonathan A. Tawn, 2009. "Modelling non‐stationary extremes with application to surface level ozone," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 58(1), pages 25-45, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jorssc:v:58:y:2009:i:1:p:25-45
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2008.00638.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. V. Chavez‐Demoulin & A. C. Davison, 2005. "Generalized additive modelling of sample extremes," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 54(1), pages 207-222, January.
    2. Janet E. Heffernan & Jonathan A. Tawn, 2004. "A conditional approach for multivariate extreme values (with discussion)," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 66(3), pages 497-546, August.
    3. A. C. Davison & N. I. Ramesh, 2000. "Local likelihood smoothing of sample extremes," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 62(1), pages 191-208.
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    3. Jonathan Jalbert & Anne-Catherine Favre & Claude Bélisle & Jean-François Angers, 2017. "A spatiotemporal model for extreme precipitation simulated by a climate model, with an application to assessing changes in return levels over North America," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 66(5), pages 941-962, November.
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    5. Rishikesh Yadav & Raphaël Huser & Thomas Opitz, 2021. "Spatial hierarchical modeling of threshold exceedances using rate mixtures," Environmetrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(3), May.
    6. Julien Hambuckers & Marie Kratz & Antoine Usseglio-Carleve, 2023. "Efficient Estimation In Extreme Value Regression Models Of Hedge Fund Tail Risks," Working Papers hal-04090916, HAL.
    7. Julien Hambuckers & Marie Kratz & Antoine Usseglio-Carleve, 2023. "Efficient Estimation in Extreme Value Regression Models of Hedge Fund Tail Risks," Papers 2304.06950, arXiv.org.
    8. Sigauke, Caston & Bere, Alphonce, 2017. "Modelling non-stationary time series using a peaks over threshold distribution with time varying covariates and threshold: An application to peak electricity demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 152-166.
    9. C J Scarrott & A MacDonald, 2010. "Extreme-value-model-based risk assessment for nuclear reactors," Journal of Risk and Reliability, , vol. 224(4), pages 239-252, December.
    10. Ross Towe & Jonathan Tawn & Emma Eastoe & Rob Lamb, 2020. "Modelling the Clustering of Extreme Events for Short-Term Risk Assessment," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 25(1), pages 32-53, March.
    11. M. de Carvalho & K. F. Turkman & A. Rua, 2013. "Dynamic threshold modelling and the US business cycle," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 62(4), pages 535-550, August.
    12. M. Carvalho & S. Pereira & P. Pereira & P. Zea Bermudez, 2022. "An Extreme Value Bayesian Lasso for the Conditional Left and Right Tails," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 27(2), pages 222-239, June.
    13. Tong Siu Tung Wong & Wai Keung Li, 2015. "Extreme values identification in regression using a peaks-over-threshold approach," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(3), pages 566-576, March.
    14. Paola Bortot & Carlo Gaetan, 2016. "Latent Process Modelling of Threshold Exceedances in Hourly Rainfall Series," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 21(3), pages 531-547, September.
    15. Daniela Castro Camilo & Miguel de Carvalho & Jennifer Wadsworth, 2017. "Time-Varying Extreme Value Dependence with Application to Leading European Stock Markets," Papers 1709.01198, arXiv.org.
    16. Fernando Nascimento & Dani Gamerman & Hedibert Lopes, 2016. "Time-varying extreme pattern with dynamic models," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 25(1), pages 131-149, March.
    17. C. J. R. Murphy‐Barltrop & J. L. Wadsworth & E. F. Eastoe, 2023. "New estimation methods for extremal bivariate return curves," Environmetrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(5), August.

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