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A Unifying Framework and Comparison of Algorithms for Non‐negative Matrix Factorisation

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  • Asger Hobolth
  • Qianyun Guo
  • Astrid Kousholt
  • Jens Ledet Jensen

Abstract

Non‐negative matrix factorisation (NMF) is an increasingly popular unsupervised learning method. However, parameter estimation in the NMF model is a difficult high‐dimensional optimisation problem. We consider algorithms of the alternating least squares type. Solutions to the least squares problem fall in two categories. The first category is iterative algorithms, which include algorithms such as the majorise–minimise (MM) algorithm, coordinate descent, gradient descent and the Févotte‐Cemgil expectation–maximisation (FC‐EM) algorithm. We introduce a new family of iterative updates based on a generalisation of the FC‐EM algorithm. The coordinate descent, gradient descent and FC‐EM algorithms are special cases of this new EM family of iterative procedures. Curiously, we show that the MM algorithm is never a member of our general EM algorithm. The second category is based on cone projection. We describe and prove a cone projection algorithm tailored to the non‐negative least square problem. We compare the algorithms on a test case and on the problem of identifying mutational signatures in human cancer. We generally find that cone projection is an attractive choice. Furthermore, in the cancer application, we find that a mix‐and‐match strategy performs better than running each algorithm in isolation.

Suggested Citation

  • Asger Hobolth & Qianyun Guo & Astrid Kousholt & Jens Ledet Jensen, 2020. "A Unifying Framework and Comparison of Algorithms for Non‐negative Matrix Factorisation," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 88(1), pages 29-53, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:istatr:v:88:y:2020:i:1:p:29-53
    DOI: 10.1111/insr.12331
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Ravi Varadhan & Christophe Roland, 2008. "Simple and Globally Convergent Methods for Accelerating the Convergence of Any EM Algorithm," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 35(2), pages 335-353, June.
    3. Kenneth Lange & Eric C. Chi & Hua Zhou, 2014. "A Brief Survey of Modern Optimization for Statisticians," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 82(1), pages 46-70, April.
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