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What Role Can Agricultural Policies Play in Encouraging Healthier Diets?

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  • Jonathan Brooks
  • Céline Giner

Abstract

Over the past twenty years, the effects of agricultural policies on nutrition have received increasing attention from policymakers. A major reason is a worsening epidemic of overweight and obesity that, on top of persistent hunger and undernutrition, has alarming consequences for public health. Excessive calorie consumption and unbalanced diets underpin this trend. Agricultural production fundamentally responds to, rather than drives, final food demands. However, some aspects of structural change within the sector, in particular productivity‐led price declines for energy dense food staples, may be contributing to over‐consumption and unbalanced diets. Agricultural policies that lower the prices of basic food commodities, in particular support for productivity enhancing investments, may reinforce that structural tendency. Yet productivity growth also improves poor people’s access to affordable food and will be essential for sustainable production growth. Prices cannot be used to achieve multiple and often competing policy goals or as the primary lever to arbitrate among them. Ultimately, the challenge for policymakers is to provide effective choices to consumers, and change dietary habits and customs, so that consumers limit their consumption of any product or specific ingredient to healthy amounts at any given price level. Au cours des vingt dernières années, les décideurs de l’action publique ont porté une attention croissante aux effets des politiques agricoles sur la nutrition. L'une des principales raisons est l'aggravation de l'épidémie de surpoids et d'obésité qui, en plus de la persistance de la faim et de la malnutrition, a des conséquences alarmantes pour la santé publique. Une consommation excessive de calories et une alimentation déséquilibrée sont à l’origine de cette tendance. La production agricole répond fondamentalement à la demande alimentaire finale plutôt qu'elle ne la stimule. Cependant, certains aspects du changement structurel au sein du secteur, en particulier les baisses de prix induites par la productivité des aliments de base à forte densité énergétique, peuvent contribuer à la surconsommation et aux régimes alimentaires déséquilibrés. Les politiques agricoles qui abaissent les prix des produits alimentaires de base, en particulier le soutien aux investissements améliorant la productivité, peuvent renforcer cette tendance structurelle. Pourtant, la croissance de la productivité améliore également l'accès des pauvres à une alimentation abordable et sera essentielle pour une croissance durable de la production. Les prix ne peuvent pas être utilisés pour atteindre des objectifs politiques multiples et souvent concurrents ou comme levier principal pour arbitrer entre eux. En fin de compte, le défi pour les décideurs de l’action publique est d'offrir aux consommateurs des choix réels et de changer les habitudes et usages alimentaires, afin que les consommateurs limitent leur consommation de tout produit ou ingrédient spécifique à des quantités bénéfiques à la santé, pour un niveau de prix donné. In den letzten zwanzig Jahren erhielten die Auswirkungen der Agrarpolitik auf die Ernährung immer mehr Aufmerksamkeit von der Politik. Einer der Hauptgründe dafür liegt in dem starken Anstieg an Übergewicht und Adipositas, der zusätzlich zu anhaltendem Hunger und Unterernährung bedenkliche Folgen für das öffentliche Gesundheitswesen hat. Übermäßige Kalorienzufuhr und unausgewogene Ernährungsweisen untermauern diesen Trend. Die landwirtschaftliche Erzeugung reagiert im Wesentlichen auf die Nachfrage nach Lebensmitteln, anstatt sie zu beeinflussen. Einige Aspekte des Strukturwandels im Agrarsektor, insbesondere der produktivitätsbedingte Preisverfall bei kalorienreichen Grundnahrungsmitteln, können jedoch zu einem übermäßigen Verzehr und zu einer unausgewogenen Ernährung beitragen. Agrarpolitische Maßnahmen, die eine Absenkung der Preise für Grundnahrungsmittel bewirken, vor allem die Förderung von produktivitätssteigernden Investitionen, können diese strukturelle Tendenz noch verstärken. Doch Produktivitätssteigerungen verbessern auch den Zugang armer Bevölkerungsgruppen zu preiswerten Lebensmitteln und werden für ein nachhaltiges Produktionswachstum unerlässlich sein. Preise dürfen allerdings nicht dazu benutzt werden, um mehrere und oft miteinander konkurrierende politische Ziele zu erreichen. Sie sollten auch nicht als zentraler Hebel dienen, um zwischen den verschiedenen Zielen zu vermitteln. Letztlich liegt die Herausforderung für die Politik darin, Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern echte Wahlmöglichkeiten zu bieten und ihre Ernährungsgewohnheiten zu verändern. Und zwar dahingehend, dass sie den Konsum eines Produkts oder einer bestimmten Zutat auf eine gesunde Menge bei einem bestimmten Preisniveau beschränken.

Suggested Citation

  • Jonathan Brooks & Céline Giner, 2021. "What Role Can Agricultural Policies Play in Encouraging Healthier Diets?," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 20(3), pages 4-11, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:20:y:2021:i:3:p:4-11
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12322
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Julian M. Alston & Daniel A. Sumner & Stephen A. Vosti, 2006. "Are Agricultural Policies Making Us Fat? Likely Links between Agricultural Policies and Human Nutrition and Obesity, and Their Policy Implications," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 28(3), pages 313-322.
    2. Franco Sassi & Jeremy Hurst, 2008. "The Prevention of Lifestyle-Related Chronic Diseases: an Economic Framework," OECD Health Working Papers 32, OECD Publishing.
    3. Céline Giner & Jonathan Brooks, 2019. "Policies for encouraging healthier food choices," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 137, OECD Publishing.
    4. Ben Henderson & Jussi Lankoski, 2019. "Evaluating the environmental impact of agricultural policies," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 130, OECD Publishing.
    5. Verena Seufert & Navin Ramankutty & Jonathan A. Foley, 2012. "Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture," Nature, Nature, vol. 485(7397), pages 229-232, May.
    6. Marion Devaux & Franco Sassi, 2015. "The Labour Market Impacts of Obesity, Smoking, Alcohol Use and Related Chronic Diseases," OECD Health Working Papers 86, OECD Publishing.
    7. Olivia Placzek, 2021. "Socio-economic and demographic aspects of food security and nutrition," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 150, OECD Publishing.
    8. W. Bruce Traill, 2012. "Economic Perspectives on Nutrition Policy Evaluation," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 63(3), pages 505-527, September.
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    1. Jonathan Brooks, 2023. "Agricultural policies and food systems: Priorities for indicator development," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 74(1), pages 3-23, February.

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