IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/bla/reesec/v36y2008i4p635-658.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

The Long‐Run Relationship Between House Prices and Rents

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Dieci, Roberto & Westerhoff, Frank, 2016. "Heterogeneous expectations, boom-bust housing cycles, and supply conditions: A nonlinear economic dynamics approach," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 21-44.
  2. Glenn Otto & Nigel Stapledon, 2017. "How Predictable? Rent Growth and Returns in Sydney and Melbourne Housing Markets," Discussion Papers 2017-01, School of Economics, The University of New South Wales.
  3. Christophe Andr頍 & Luis A. Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta, 2014. "Testing for persistence in housing price-to-income and price-to-rent ratios in 16 OECD countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(18), pages 2127-2138, June.
  4. Chen, Jie & Chen, Yu & Hill, Robert J. & Hu, Pei, 2022. "The user cost of housing and the price-rent ratio in Shanghai," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
  5. Luca Benati, 2017. "Could the Bubble in U.S. House Prices Have Been Detected in Real Time?," Diskussionsschriften dp1705, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
  6. Andrea Gazzani, 2020. "News and noise bubbles in the housing market," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 36, pages 46-72, April.
  7. Dylan E. McNamara & Martin D. Smith & Zachary Williams & Sathya Gopalakrishnan & Craig E. Landry, 2024. "Policy and market forces delay real estate price declines on the US coast," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, December.
  8. Philippe Bracke, 2013. "House Prices and Rents: Micro Evidence from a Matched Dataset in Central London_x0003_," ERSA conference papers ersa13p112, European Regional Science Association.
  9. Brian Micallef & Nathaniel Debono, 2020. "The rental sector and the housing block in STREAM," CBM Working Papers WP/03/2020, Central Bank of Malta.
  10. Bradley Jones, 2014. "Identifying Speculative Bubbles: A Two-Pillar Surveillance Framework," IMF Working Papers 2014/208, International Monetary Fund.
  11. Anundsen, André Kallåk, 2013. "Economic Regime Shifts and the US Subprime Bubble," Memorandum 05/2013, Oslo University, Department of Economics.
  12. Richard Disney & John Gathergood, 2018. "House Prices, Wealth Effects and Labour Supply," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 85(339), pages 449-478, July.
  13. Leonard Nakamura, 2014. "Durable Financial Regulation: Monitoring Financial Instruments as a Counterpart to Regulating Financial Institutions," NBER Chapters, in: Measuring Wealth and Financial Intermediation and Their Links to the Real Economy, pages 67-88, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  14. Shu-hen Chiang, 2016. "Rising residential rents in Chinese mega cities: The role of monetary policy," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(16), pages 3493-3509, December.
  15. Zietz, Joachim & Traian, Anca, 2014. "When was the U.S. housing downturn predictable? A comparison of univariate forecasting methods," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 271-281.
  16. Renhe Liu & Eddie Chi-man Hui & Jiaqi Lv & Yi Chen, 2017. "What Drives Housing Markets: Fundamentals or Bubbles?," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 395-415, November.
  17. William D. Larson, 2022. "Effects of Mortgage Interest Rates on House Price Appreciation: The Role of Payment Constraints," FHFA Staff Working Papers 22-04, Federal Housing Finance Agency.
  18. Markus Hertrich, 2019. "A Novel Housing Price Misalignment Indicator for Germany," German Economic Review, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 20(4), pages 759-794, November.
  19. Engsted, Tom & Pedersen, Thomas Q., 2014. "Housing market volatility in the OECD area: Evidence from VAR based return decompositions," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 91-103.
  20. Janet L. Yellen, 2010. "Closing Panel Presentation," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 42(s1), pages 243-248, September.
  21. Theodore Panagiotidis & Panagiotis Printzis, 2016. "On the macroeconomic determinants of the housing market in Greece: a VECM approach," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 387-409, July.
  22. Hill, Robert J. & Syed, Iqbal A., 2016. "Hedonic price–rent ratios, user cost, and departures from equilibrium in the housing market," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 60-72.
  23. Are Oust, 2018. "The end of Oslo's rent control: Impact on rent level," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(1), pages 443-458.
  24. Chun-Kei Tsang & Wing-Keung Wong & Ira Horowitz, 2016. "Arbitrage opportunities, efficiency, and the role of risk preferences in the Hong Kong property market," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 33(4), pages 735-754, October.
  25. Hiebert, Paul & Sydow, Matthias, 2011. "What drives returns to euro area housing? Evidence from a dynamic dividend–discount model," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 88-98.
  26. Song Shi & Vince Mangioni & Xin Janet Ge & Shanaka Herath & Fethi Rabhi & Rachida Ouysse, 2021. "House Price Forecasting from Investment Perspectives," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
  27. Anna Samarina & Anh D.M. Nguyen, 2024. "Does Monetary Policy Affect Income Inequality in the Euro Area?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 56(1), pages 35-80, February.
  28. Anna Samarina & Anh D.M. Nguyen, 2019. "Does monetary policy affect income inequality in the euro area?," Bank of Lithuania Working Paper Series 61, Bank of Lithuania.
  29. Matteo Iacoviello & Stefano Neri, 2010. "Housing Market Spillovers: Evidence from an Estimated DSGE Model," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 2(2), pages 125-164, April.
  30. Engsted, Tom & Pedersen, Thomas Q., 2015. "Predicting returns and rent growth in the housing market using the rent-price ratio: Evidence from the OECD countries," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 257-275.
  31. Philippe Bracke, 2015. "House Prices and Rents: Microevidence from a Matched Data Set in Central London," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 43(2), pages 403-431, June.
  32. Chi-Young Choi & Soojin Jo, 2020. "How Do Housing Markets Affect Local Consumer Prices? – Evidence from U.S. Cities," Globalization Institute Working Papers 398, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
  33. Juan Carmona & Markus Lampe & Joan Rosés, 2017. "Housing affordability during the urban transition in Spain," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 70(2), pages 632-658, May.
  34. Golbeck, Steven & Linetsky, Vadim, 2013. "Asset financing with credit risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 43-59.
  35. Kyung-Hwan Kim & Chang-Moo Lee & Young-Man Lee, 2014. "Rental housing system and housing market volatility: monthly rent-based vs. asset-based systems," Chapters, in: Susan Wachter & Man Cho & Moon Joong Tcha (ed.), The Global Financial Crisis and Housing, chapter 12, pages 296-312, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  36. Trond-Arne Borgersen & Anne Wenche Emblem, 2022. "Mortgage Market Induced Booms and Busts in the Housing Market in a Modified DiPasquale-Wheaton Model," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 25(3), pages 281-306.
  37. Cronin, David & McQuinn, Kieran, 2016. "Credit availability, macroprudential regulations and the house price-to-rent ratio," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 971-984.
  38. Kenneth N. Kuttner, 2013. "Low Interest Rates and Housing Bubbles: Still No Smoking Gun," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Douglas D Evanoff & Cornelia Holthausen & George G Kaufman & Manfred Kremer (ed.), The Role of Central Banks in Financial Stability How Has It Changed?, chapter 8, pages 159-185, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
  39. Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Sousa, Ricardo M., 2016. "Consumption, wealth, stock and housing returns: Evidence from emerging markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 562-578.
  40. Paul E. Carrillo & Erik Robert De Wit & William D. Larson, 2012. "Can Tightness in the Housing Market Help Predict Subsequent Home Price Appreciation? Evidence from the U.S. and the Netherlands," Working Papers 2012-11, The George Washington University, Institute for International Economic Policy.
  41. Vincenzo Del Giudice & Francesca Salvo & Pierfrancesco De Paola, 2018. "Resampling Techniques for Real Estate Appraisals: Testing the Bootstrap Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-16, August.
  42. Silje Eretveit & Theis Theisen, 2016. "Efficiency and Justice in the Market for Cooperative Dwellings," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 19(3), pages 297-326.
  43. Campbell, Sean D. & Davis, Morris A. & Gallin, Joshua & Martin, Robert F., 2009. "What moves housing markets: A variance decomposition of the rent-price ratio," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(2), pages 90-102, September.
  44. Baltagi, Badi H. & Li, Jing, 2015. "Cointegration of matched home purchases and rental price indexes — Evidence from Singapore," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 80-88.
  45. Zongyuan Li & Rose Neng Lai, 2021. "Not All Bank Liquidity Creation Boosts Prices-The Case of the US Housing Market," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 24(1), pages 19-58.
  46. Daniel Broxterman & Tingyu Zhou, 2023. "Information Frictions in Real Estate Markets: Recent Evidence and Issues," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 66(2), pages 203-298, February.
  47. repec:grz:wpaper:2014-03 is not listed on IDEAS
  48. Lerbs, Oliver & Hiller, Norbert, 2015. "Aging and Urban House Prices," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 113136, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  49. Cronin, David & McQuinn, Kieran, 2017. "Credit conditions and tenure choice: a cross-country examination," Papers WP582, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
  50. Michael Amior & Alan Manning, 2018. "The Persistence of Local Joblessness," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 108(7), pages 1942-1970, July.
  51. George A. Kahn, 2010. "Taylor rule deviations and financial imbalances," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, vol. 95(Q II), pages 63-99.
  52. Engsted, Tom & Hviid, Simon J. & Pedersen, Thomas Q., 2016. "Explosive bubbles in house prices? Evidence from the OECD countries," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 14-25.
  53. Sumita, Kazuto & Nakazawa, Katsuyoshi & Kawase, Akihiro, 2021. "Long-term care facilities and migration of elderly households in an aged society: Empirical analysis based on micro data," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
  54. Rita Yi Man Li & Ka Yi Cheng & Muhammad Shoaib, 2018. "Walled Buildings, Sustainability, and Housing Prices: An Artificial Neural Network Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, April.
  55. Langella, Monica & Manning, Alan, 2022. "Residential mobility and unemployment in the UK," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  56. Philippe Bracke & Edward W. Pinchbeck & James Wyatt, 2018. "The Time Value of Housing: Historical Evidence on Discount Rates," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 128(613), pages 1820-1843, August.
  57. Robert Hill, 2013. "How Can One Tell When the Housing Market Is Out of Equilibrium?," ERES eres2013_59, European Real Estate Society (ERES).
  58. Ting Lan, 2019. "Intrinsic bubbles and Granger causality in the Hong Kong residential property market," Frontiers of Business Research in China, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
  59. Susan M. Wachter, 2018. "Credit risk transfer, informed markets, and securitization," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue 24-3, pages 117-137.
  60. Jane K. Dokko & Brian M. Doyle & Skander J. van den Heuvel & Michael T. Kiley & Jinill Kim & Shane M. Sherlund & Jae W. Sim, 2009. "Monetary policy and the housing bubble," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2009-49, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  61. Strauss, Jack, 2013. "Does housing drive state-level job growth? Building permits and consumer expectations forecast a state’s economic activity," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(1), pages 77-93.
  62. Coskun Yener & Jadevicius Arvydas, 2017. "Is there a Housing Bubble in Turkey?," Real Estate Management and Valuation, Sciendo, vol. 25(1), pages 48-73, March.
  63. André K. Anundsen & Eilev S. Jansen, 2013. "Self-reinforcing effects between housing prices and credit: an extended version," Discussion Papers 756, Statistics Norway, Research Department.
  64. J. R. Kim & K. Chung, 2014. "Regime switching and the (in)stability of the price-rent relationship: evidence from the US," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(33), pages 4041-4052, November.
  65. Hansen, Jacob H. & Møller, Stig V. & Pedersen, Thomas Q. & Schütte, Christian M., 2024. "House price bubbles under the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  66. Schindler, Felix, 2009. "Volatilitätseffekte am US-amerikanischen Häusermarkt," ZEW Discussion Papers 09-048, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  67. Kennedy, Gerard & Sheenan, Lisa & Woods, Maria, 2016. "Modelling Irish Rents: Recent Developments in Historical Context," Economic Letters 14/EL/16, Central Bank of Ireland.
  68. Randal Verbrugge & Robert Poole, 2010. "Explaining the Rent–OER Inflation Divergence, 1999–2007," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 38(4), pages 633-657, Winter.
  69. Svein Olav Krakstad, 2015. "Long-Run Movements in House Prices," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 18(4), pages 429-454.
  70. Lee, Hung-Wei & Lin, Che-Chun & Tsai, I-Chun, 2023. "Another application of call options: Explaining the divergence between the housing market and the rental market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
  71. Goehausen, Johannes & Thomsen, Stephan L., 2024. "Housing Costs, College Enrollment, and Student Mobility," IZA Discussion Papers 16726, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  72. repec:grz:wpaper:2012-08 is not listed on IDEAS
  73. Ghysels, Eric & Plazzi, Alberto & Valkanov, Rossen & Torous, Walter, 2013. "Forecasting Real Estate Prices," Handbook of Economic Forecasting, in: G. Elliott & C. Granger & A. Timmermann (ed.), Handbook of Economic Forecasting, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 509-580, Elsevier.
  74. Dieci, Roberto & Westerhoff, Frank, 2015. "Heterogeneous expectations, boom-bust housing cycles, and supply conditions: A nonlinear dynamics approach," BERG Working Paper Series 99, Bamberg University, Bamberg Economic Research Group.
  75. Geoffrey Meen & Alexander Mihailov & Yehui Wang, 2022. "On the long-run solution to aggregate housing systems," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 59(1), pages 178-196, January.
  76. Ryan Fox & Peter Tulip, 2014. "Is Housing Overvalued?," RBA Research Discussion Papers rdp2014-06, Reserve Bank of Australia.
  77. Bell, Adrian R. & Brooks, Chris & Killick, Helen, 2022. "The first real estate bubble? Land prices and rents in medieval England c. 1300–1500," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
  78. Luca Benati, 2017. "Cointegration Tests and the Classical Dichotomy," Diskussionsschriften dp1704, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
  79. repec:zbw:bofitp:2012_027 is not listed on IDEAS
  80. Hybel, Jesper & Mulalic, Ismir, 2022. "Transportation and quality of life," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 107-125.
  81. Kenneth Kuttner & Ilhyock Shim, 2012. "Taming the Real Estate Beast: The Effects of Monetary and Macroprudential Policies on Housing Prices and Credit," RBA Annual Conference Volume (Discontinued), in: Alexandra Heath & Frank Packer & Callan Windsor (ed.),Property Markets and Financial Stability, Reserve Bank of Australia.
  82. Benati, Luca, 2021. "Leaning against house prices: A structural VAR investigation," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 399-412.
  83. Eddie Chi-Man Hui & Tony K.K. Lo & Jia Chen & Ziyou Wang, 2012. "Housing and consumer markets in urban China," Construction Management and Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(2), pages 117-131, December.
  84. Hiebert, Paul & Sydow, Matthias, 2009. "What drives returns to euro area housing? Evidence from a dynamic dividend-discount model," Working Paper Series 1019, European Central Bank.
  85. Kim, Jan R. & Lim, Gieyoung, 2016. "Fundamentals and rational bubbles in the Korean housing market: A modified present-value approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 174-181.
  86. David Downs & Z. Güner, 2012. "Information Producers and Valuation: Evidence from Real Estate Markets," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 44(1), pages 167-183, January.
  87. Goeyvaerts, Geert & Buyst, Erik, 2019. "Do market rents reflect user costs?," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 112-130.
  88. Kieran McQuinn & Teresa Monteiro & Conor O’Toole, 2021. "House Price Expectations, Labour Market Developments and the House Price to Rent Ratio: A User Cost of Capital Approach," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 25-47, January.
  89. McCann, Fergal, 2016. "Exploring developments in Ireland's regional rental markets," Economic Letters 13/EL/16, Central Bank of Ireland.
  90. Ge Bao & Guoliang Feng, 2018. "Testing the Dividend Discount Model in Housing Markets: the Role of Risk," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 677-701, November.
  91. Moutzouris, Ioannis C. & Nomikos, Nikos K., 2019. "Earnings yield and predictability in the dry bulk shipping industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 140-159.
  92. Dieckelmann, Daniel & Hempell, Hannah S. & Jarmulska, Barbara & Lang, Jan Hannes & Rusnák, Marek, 2023. "House prices and ultra-low interest rates: exploring the non-linear nexus," Working Paper Series 2789, European Central Bank.
  93. Bauer, Gregory H., 2017. "International house price cycles, monetary policy and credit," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 88-114.
  94. N. Kundan Kishor & James Morley, 2014. "What Factors Drive the Price-Rent Ratio for the Housing Market? A Modified Present-Value Approach," Discussion Papers 2014-20, School of Economics, The University of New South Wales.
  95. Begley, Jaclene & Chan, Sewin, 2018. "The effect of housing wealth shocks on work and retirement decisions," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 180-195.
  96. Hui, Eddie C.M. & Zheng, Xian & Wang, Hui, 2010. "A dynamic mathematical test of international property securities bubbles and crashes," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(7), pages 1445-1454.
  97. repec:fip:fedpwp:13-2 is not listed on IDEAS
  98. Anundsen, André K. & Jansen, Eilev S., 2013. "Self-reinforcing effects between housing prices and credit," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 192-212.
  99. Jan R. Kim & Gieyoung Lim, 2018. "A look into German housing markets: A bubble call?," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 289-301, December.
  100. Galina An & Charles Becker & Enoch Cheng, 2021. "Bubbling Away: Forecasting Real Estate Prices, Rents, and Bubbles in a Transition Economy," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 63(2), pages 263-317, June.
  101. Xi Chen & Michael Funke, 2013. "Real-Time Warning Signs of Emerging and Collapsing Chinese House Price Bubbles," National Institute Economic Review, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, vol. 223(1), pages 39-48, February.
  102. Tsai, I-Chun & Chiang, Shu-Hen, 2019. "Exuberance and spillovers in housing markets: Evidence from first- and second-tier cities in China," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 75-86.
  103. Wang, Xiaodan & Li, Keyang & Wu, Jing, 2020. "House price index based on online listing information: The case of China," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
  104. Pär Österholm, 2016. "The Long-run Relationship Between Stock Prices and GDP in Sweden," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 45(2), pages 283-297, July.
  105. Tsang, Chun-Kei & Wong, Wing-Keung & Horowitz, Ira, 2016. "A stochastic-dominance approach to determining the optimal home-size purchase: The case of Hong Kong," MPRA Paper 69175, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  106. Hybel, Jesper & Mulalic, Ismir, 2021. "Transportation and Quality of Life: Evidence from Denmark," Working Papers 14-2021, Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics.
  107. Hiller, Norbert & Lerbs, Oliver W., 2016. "Aging and urban house prices," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 276-291.
  108. Sharpe, Jamie, 2019. "Re-evaluating the impact of immigration on the U.S. rental housing market," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 14-34.
  109. Damen, Sven & Vastmans, Frank & Buyst, Erik, 2016. "The effect of mortgage interest deduction and mortgage characteristics on house prices," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 15-29.
  110. Marcelo M. de Oliveira & Alexandre C. L. Almeida, 2014. "Testing for rational speculative bubbles in the Brazilian residential real-estate market," Papers 1401.7615, arXiv.org.
  111. Elliot Anenberg & Steven Laufer, 2014. "Using Data on Seller Behavior to Forecast Short-run House Price Changes," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2014-16, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  112. Waltl, Sofie R., 2018. "Estimating quantile-specific rental yields for residential housing in Sydney," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 204-225.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.