IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/r/bin/bpeajo/v31y2000i2000-2p303-354.html
   My bibliography  Save this item

Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows

Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
as


Cited by:

  1. Shang-Jin Wei & Mr. Gaston Gelos, 2002. "Transparency and International Investor Behavior," IMF Working Papers 2002/174, International Monetary Fund.
  2. Kazunobu Hayakawa & Fukunari Kimura & Hyun-Hoon Lee, 2013. "How Does Country Risk Matter for Foreign Direct Investment?," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 51(1), pages 60-78, March.
  3. Beata Smarzynska Javorcik & Mariana Spatareanu, 2005. "Do Foreign Investors Care about Labor Market Regulations?," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 141(3), pages 375-403, October.
  4. Vadym Volosovych, 2013. "Risk sharing from international factor income: explaining cross-country differences," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(11), pages 1435-1459, April.
  5. Samouel BEJI, 2007. "Financial Openness and Financial Development in the South Mediterranean Sea Countries: Institutional Approach and Calculation ofm Development Thresholds," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(3-4), pages 107-107.
  6. Gilad Aharonovitz, 2006. "Migration of Firms, Home Bias and the Geographical Distribution of Growth," DEGIT Conference Papers c011_038, DEGIT, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade.
  7. Timothy J. Goodspeed & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & Li Zhang, 2006. "Attracting FDI: Are Other Government Policies More Important than Taxation in Attracting FDI?," Economics Working Paper Archive at Hunter College 414, Hunter College Department of Economics.
  8. Yuko Kinoshita & Nauro F. Campos, 2003. "Why Does Fdi Go Where it Goes? New Evidence From the Transition Economies," IMF Working Papers 2003/228, International Monetary Fund.
  9. Huang, Haizhou & Wei, Shang-Jin, 2006. "Monetary policies for developing countries: The role of institutional quality," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 239-252, September.
  10. Rabah Arezki & Klaus Deininger & Harris Selod, 2015. "What Drives the Global "Land Rush"?," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 29(2), pages 207-233.
  11. April Knill & Bong Soo Lee, 2014. "The Volatility of Foreign Portfolio Investment and the Access to Finance of Small Listed Firms," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(3), pages 524-542, August.
  12. Shah, Mumtaz Hussain, 2018. "Corruption & Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of South Asia," MPRA Paper 107253, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  13. Steve Billon & Robert Gillanders, 2016. "State ownership and corruption," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 23(6), pages 1074-1092, December.
  14. Masood Gheasi & Peter Nijkamp & Piet Rietveld, 2013. "Migration and foreign direct investment: education matters," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 51(1), pages 73-87, August.
  15. Danish Ahmed SIDDIQUI & Qazi Masood AHMED, 2018. "Institutionalized social technologies index: A global perspective," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(4(617), W), pages 67-96, Winter.
  16. Dahlström, Tobias & Johnson, Andreas, 2007. "Bureaucratic Corruption, MNEs and FDI," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 82, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
  17. Atindra Dahal, 2018. "An Appalling Scenario Growing Corruption and Its Obnoxious Impacts on Public Lives -With Special Reference of South-Asian Stigma," International Journal of Social Science Studies, Redfame publishing, vol. 6(5), pages 74-85, May.
  18. Shang-Jin Wei & Yi Wu, 2002. "Negative Alchemy? Corruption, Composition of Capital Flows, and Currency Crises," NBER Chapters, in: Preventing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets, pages 461-506, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  19. Timothy Goodspeed & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & Li Zhang, 2011. "Public Policies and FDI Location: Differences between Developing and Developed Countries," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 67(2), pages 171-191, June.
  20. Paulo Júlio & Ricardo Pinheiro-Alves, 2013. "Foreign investment and institutional reform: Portugal in European perspective," Economic Bulletin and Financial Stability Report Articles and Banco de Portugal Economic Studies, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.
  21. Neil McCulloch & Edmund Malesky, 2011. "Does better local governance improve district growth performance in Indonesia?," Working Paper Series 1711, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
  22. Méon, Pierre-Guillaume & Weill, Laurent, 2010. "Is Corruption an Efficient Grease?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 244-259, March.
  23. Choi, Changkyu, 2003. "Does the Internet stimulate inward foreign direct investment?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 319-326, June.
  24. Mumtaz Hussain Shah & Anum Gul Afridi, 2015. "Significance of Good Governance for FDI Inflows in SAARC Countries," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 7(2), pages 31-52, October.
  25. Nguyen Hong Son & Ly Dai Hung, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investment Absorption Capacity," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 10(01), pages 1-16, February.
  26. Shrabani Saha & Kunal Sen, 2022. "Corruption and crisis: do institutions matter?," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2022-37, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  27. Javorcik Beata Smarzynska & Wei Shang-Jin, 2003. "Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment: Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 3(2), pages 1-34, December.
  28. Snir, Avichai & Levy, Daniel, 2010. "Economic Growth in the Potterian Economy," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, pages 211-236.
  29. Li’an Zhou & Jing Tao, 2009. "Government size, market-orientation and regional corruption: Evidence from the provincial level panel data," Frontiers of Economics in China, Springer;Higher Education Press, vol. 4(3), pages 425-448, September.
  30. Ghosh,Swati R. & Sugawara,Naotaka & Zalduendo,Juan F., 2011. "Banking flows and financial crisis -- financial interconnectedness and basel III effects," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5769, The World Bank.
  31. Rajul Awasthi & Nihal Bayraktar, 2015. "Can tax simplification help lower tax corruption?," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 5(2), pages 297-330, December.
  32. Deepraj Mukherjee, 2018. "Corruption in International Business: Does Economic Globalization Help?," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 19(3), pages 623-634, June.
  33. Amin, Mohammad & Motta, Victor, 2023. "The impact of corruption on SMEs’ access to finance: Evidence using firm-level survey data from developing countries," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
  34. Anselm Komla Abotsi & Tongyai Iyavarakul, 2015. "Tolerable Level of Corruption for Foreign Direct Investment in Africa," Contemporary Economics, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw., vol. 9(3), September.
  35. Almounsor Abdullah, 2008. "Capital Flight Accounting and Welfare Implications in the MENA Region," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, De Gruyter, vol. 4(2), pages 1-67, April.
  36. Shang-Jin Wei, 2018. "Managing Financial Globalization: Insights from the Recent Literature," Working Papers id:12586, eSocialSciences.
  37. Saki Bigio & Nelson R. Ramírez Rondán, 2020. "Corrupción e indicadores de desarrollo en el Perú y el mundo: una revisión empírica," Capítulos de libros, in: Nikita Céspedes Reynaga & Norman V. Loayza & Nelson R. Ramírez Rondán (ed.), Crecimiento económico en el Perú: causas y consecuencias, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 4, pages 118-151, Universidad de San Martín de Porres.
  38. Chinn, Menzie D. & Ito, Hiro, 2007. "Current account balances, financial development and institutions: Assaying the world "saving glut"," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 546-569, June.
  39. Olmos, Lorena & Bellido, Héctor & Román-Aso, Juan A., 2020. "The effects of mega-events on perceived corruption," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
  40. Jacques Miniane & John H. Rogers, 2007. "Capital Controls and the International Transmission of U.S. Money Shocks," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 39(5), pages 1003-1035, August.
  41. Laurent Weill, 2011. "Does corruption hamper bank lending? Macro and micro evidence," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 25-42, August.
  42. Taeyoon Sung & Jong-Hee Kim, 2016. "Unconventional Monetary Policy, Global Liquidity Circulation, and Inflation Divergence around the World," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 54(1), pages 6-26, March.
  43. Groh, Alexander Peter & Wich, Matthias, 2012. "Emerging economies' attraction of foreign direct investment," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 210-229.
  44. Shen, Chung-Hua & Lin, Mei-Rong, 2011. "The determinants of cross-border consolidation in eight Asian countries: Before and after the Asian financial crisis," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 89-105, April.
  45. Nelson Ramírez-Rondán & Saki Bigio, 2006. "Corruption and Development Indicators: An Empirical Review," Working Papers 2006-007, Banco Central de Reserva del Perú.
  46. Bruce Blonigen, 2005. "A Review of the Empirical Literature on FDI Determinants," Atlantic Economic Journal, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 33(4), pages 383-403, December.
  47. Bin Dong & Benno Torgler, 2010. "The Consequences of Corruption: Evidence from China," Working Papers 2010.73, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
  48. Javier Rodríguez & Javier Santiso, 2007. "Banking on Democracy: The Political Economy of International Private Bank Lending in Emerging Markets," OECD Development Centre Working Papers 259, OECD Publishing.
  49. Dang, Duc Anh, 2013. "How foreign direct investment promote institutional quality: Evidence from Vietnam," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 1054-1072.
  50. Aisha Ismail & Kashif Rashid, 2014. "Time series analysis of the nexus among corruption, political instability and judicial inefficiency in Pakistan," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 48(5), pages 2757-2771, September.
  51. Beata K. Smarzynska & Shang-Jin Wei, 2000. "Corruption and Composition of Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-Level Evidence," NBER Working Papers 7969, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  52. Daekeun Park & Inseok Shin, 2013. "What Hinders Cross-Border Portfolio Investment In East Asia?," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 58(02), pages 1-22.
  53. Timothy Goodspeed & Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & JLi Zhang, 2006. "Are Government Policies More Important Than Taxation in Attracting FDI," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper0614, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
  54. Jean-Christophe Statnik & Thi-Le-Giang Vu & Laurent Weill, 2023. "Does Corruption Discourage More Female Entrepreneurs from Applying for Credit?," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 65(1), pages 1-28, March.
  55. Tobias Zander, 2020. "Does corruption matter for FDI flows in the OECD? A gravity analysis," EIIW Discussion paper disbei280, Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, University Library.
  56. Héctor Bellido & Lorena Olmos & Juan A. Román-Aso, 2021. "The influence of government ideology on corruption: the impact of the Great Recession," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 38(2), pages 677-708, July.
  57. Takawira Tyavambiza, 2017. "Corruption and Bad Policies Repel Foreign Capital and Cause Domestic Capital to Flee: Is Jovanovic Right?," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(5), pages 204-215.
  58. Mutti, John & Grubert, Harry, 2004. "Empirical asymmetries in foreign direct investment and taxation," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(2), pages 337-358, March.
  59. Alali, Walid Y., 2010. "Impact of Natural Environment, Regional Integration, and Policies on FDI," EconStor Preprints 269885, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  60. Jiménez, Alfredo & Delgado-García, Juan Bautista, 2012. "Proactive management of political risk and corporate performance: The case of Spanish multinational enterprises," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(6), pages 1029-1040.
  61. Paul Hirst & Grahame Thompson, 2011. "The Future of Globalisation," Chapters, in: Jonathan Michie (ed.), The Handbook of Globalisation, Second Edition, chapter 1, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  62. Gande, Amar & Parsley, David, 2010. "Sovereign Credit Ratings, Transparency and International Portfolio Flows," MPRA Paper 21118, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  63. Faria, Andr & Mauro, Paolo, 2009. "Institutions and the external capital structure of countries," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 367-391, April.
  64. Odysseas Katsaitis & Dimitris Doulos, 2009. "The Impact of EU Structural Funds on FDI," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 62(4), pages 563-578, November.
  65. Cao Hong Minh, 2019. "Institutional Quality and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows: The Case of Vietnam," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 9(5), pages 630-641, May.
  66. Rahim M. Quazi, 2014. "Effects Of Corruption And Regulatory Environment On Foreign Direct Investment: A Case Study Of Africa," Global Journal of Business Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 8(4), pages 51-60.
  67. Couttenier, Mathieu & Toubal, Farid, 2017. "Corruption for sales," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 56-66.
  68. Awasthi, Rajul & Bayraktar, Nihal, 2014. "Can tax simplification help lower tax corruption ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6988, The World Bank.
  69. Gen-Fu Feng & Bo Sui & Min-Yi Dong & Chun-xia Jiang & Chun-Ping Chang, 2018. "Border is better than distance? Contagious corruption in one belt one road economies," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(4), pages 1909-1928, July.
  70. Ronald E. Berenbeim & Jean-Francois Arvis, 2003. "Fighting Corruption in East Asia : Solutions from the Private Sector," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 14749.
  71. Du, Julan & Lu, Yi & Tao, Zhigang, 2012. "Institutions and FDI location choice: The role of cultural distances," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 210-223.
  72. Swati R. Ghosh & Naotaka Sugawara & Juan Zalduendo, 2012. "Banking Flows And Financial Crisis Financial Interconnectedness And Basel Iii Effects," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 3(01), pages 1-32.
  73. Fungáčová, Zuzana & Kochanova, Anna & Weill, Laurent, 2015. "Does Money Buy Credit? Firm-Level Evidence on Bribery and Bank Debt," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 308-322.
  74. Papaioannou, Elias, 2009. "What drives international financial flows? Politics, institutions and other determinants," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 269-281, March.
  75. Judge, William Q. & McNatt, D. Brian & Xu, Weichu, 2011. "The antecedents and effects of national corruption: A meta-analysis," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 93-103, January.
  76. Vittorio, Daniele & Ugo, Marani, 2008. "Organized Crime and Foreign Direct Investment: the Italian Case," MPRA Paper 7217, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  77. Luca Agnello & Vítor Castro & Ricardo M. Sousa, 2018. "The Legacy and the Tyranny of Time: Exit and Re‐Entry of Sovereigns to International Capital Markets," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(8), pages 1969-1994, December.
  78. Elheddad, Mohamed M., 2018. "What determines FDI inflow to MENA countries? Empirical study on Gulf countries: Sectoral level analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 332-339.
  79. Antonis Adam & Manthos Delis & Pantelis Kammas, 2014. "Fiscal decentralization and public sector efficiency: evidence from OECD countries," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 17-49, February.
  80. Erin McCreless & Piero Visconti & Josie Carwardine & Chris Wilcox & Robert J Smith, 2013. "Cheap and Nasty? The Potential Perils of Using Management Costs to Identify Global Conservation Priorities," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(11), pages 1-1, November.
  81. Ahmad Jafari Samimi, 2011. "Corruption and FDI in OIC Countries," Information Management and Business Review, AMH International, vol. 2(3), pages 106-111.
  82. Daude, Christian & Fratzscher, Marcel, 2008. "The pecking order of cross-border investment," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1), pages 94-119, January.
  83. Hossain, Monzur, 2015. "Capital Flows to Least Developed Countries: What Matters?," Bangladesh Development Studies, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), vol. 38(2), pages 95-113, June.
  84. Mina, Wasseem & Jaeck, Louis, 2015. "Labor Market Flexibility and FDI Flows: Evidence from Oil-Rich GCC and Middle Income Countries," MPRA Paper 62652, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  85. Tobias Zander, 2021. "Does corruption matter for FDI flows in the OECD? A gravity analysis," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 347-377, May.
  86. Jiandong Ju & Shang-Jin Wei, 2014. "A Solution to Two Paradoxes of International Capital Flows," Economic and Political Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 3-43, January.
  87. Aldis Bulis & Sajal Kabiraj & Md Nur Alam Siddik, 2021. "Competitiveness Impedimental Factors of Latvian Manufacturing Companies in China," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 22(2), pages 290-310, April.
  88. Kemme, David M. & Parikh, Bhavik & Steigner, Tanja, 2020. "Tax Morale and International Tax Evasion," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(3).
  89. Laura Alfaro & Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan & Vadym Volosovych, 2008. "Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries? An Empirical Investigation," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 90(2), pages 347-368, May.
  90. Manamba EPAPHRA & John MASSAWE, 2017. "The Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment: A Panel Data Study," Turkish Economic Review, KSP Journals, vol. 4(1), pages 19-54, March.
  91. Chih, Yao-Yu & Demir, Firat & Hu, Chenghao & Liu, Junyi & Shen, Hewei, 2023. "A spatial analysis of local corruption on foreign direct investment: Evidence from Chinese cities," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  92. Pierre-Guillaume Méon & Khalid Sekkat, 2005. "Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 122(1), pages 69-97, January.
  93. Volosovych, Vadym, 2011. "Measuring financial market integration over the long run: Is there a U-shape?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(7), pages 1535-1561.
  94. Judy S. Yang, 2017. "The governance environment and innovative SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 525-541, March.
  95. Sylvia Ostry, 2001. "WTO Membership for China: To Be and Not to Be: Is that the Answer?," The State of Economics in Canada: Festschrift in Honour of David Slater, in: Patrick Grady & Andrew Sharpe (ed.),The State of Economics in Canada: Festschrift in Honour of David Slater, pages 257-266, Centre for the Study of Living Standards.
  96. Kano, Hirokazu & Iriyama, Akie, 2023. "Host country corruption and MNE location choice: The view of institutional pluralism," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
  97. Chou, Kuang-Hann & Chen, Chien-Hsun & Mai, Chao-Cheng, 2011. "The impact of third-country effects and economic integration on China's outward FDI," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 2154-2163, September.
  98. Yerrabati, Sridevi & Hawkes, Denise Donna, 2016. "Institutions and Investment in the South and East Asia and Pacific Region: Evidence from Meta-Analysis," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 10, pages 1-48.
  99. Beesley Revol, 2018. "Fiscal Policy is Simply Instrument that Bring Money for Developing in Country," International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs (IJBEA), Sana N. Maswadeh, vol. 3(3), pages 101-113.
  100. Teichmann, Fabian & Falker, Marie-Christin & Sergi, Bruno S., 2020. "Extractive industries, corruption and potential solutions. The case of Ukraine," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
  101. Smith, Katherine A. & Valderrama, Diego, 2009. "The composition of capital inflows when emerging market firms face financing constraints," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 223-234, July.
  102. Laurent Weill, 2011. "Does corruption hamper bank lending? Macro and micro evidence," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 25-42, August.
  103. Hanming Fang, 2024. "Measurements, determinants, causes, and consequences of corruption: lessons from China’s anti-corruption campaign," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 31(1), pages 3-25, February.
  104. Frankel, Jeffrey, 2010. "Monetary Policy in Emerging Markets," Handbook of Monetary Economics, in: Benjamin M. Friedman & Michael Woodford (ed.), Handbook of Monetary Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 25, pages 1439-1520, Elsevier.
  105. Paulo Júlio & Ricardo Pinheiro–Alves & José Tavares, 2013. "Foreign direct investment and institutional reform: evidence and an application to Portugal," Portuguese Economic Journal, Springer;Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestao, vol. 12(3), pages 215-250, December.
  106. Renato E. Reside Jr., 2006. "Towards Rational Fiscal Incentives (Good Investments or Wasted Gifts?)," UP School of Economics Discussion Papers 200601, University of the Philippines School of Economics.
  107. Axel Dreher & Thomas Herzfeld, 2005. "The Economic Costs of Corruption: A Survey and New Evidence," Public Economics 0506001, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  108. Beekman, Gonne & Bulte, Erwin & Nillesen, Eleonora, 2014. "Corruption, investments and contributions to public goods: Experimental evidence from rural Liberia," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 37-47.
  109. Alfredo Jiménez & Marcello Russo & Johannes Marcelus Kraak & Guoliang Frank Jiang, 2017. "Corruption and Private Participation Projects in Central and Eastern Europe," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(5), pages 775-792, October.
  110. Wang, Chih-Wei & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Ming-Chien, 2022. "The effects of economic policy uncertainty and country governance on banks' liquidity creation: International evidence," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  111. Beata K. Smarzynska & Shang-Jin Wei, 2002. "Corruption and Cross-Border Investment: Firm-Level Evidence," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series 494, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
  112. Dowling, J. Malcolm & Yap, Chin-Fang, 2008. "Indonesian economic development: Mirage or miracle?," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(5-6), pages 474-485.
  113. Kolomak Evgeniya, 2007. "Sub-federal administrative regulation of entry in Russia," EERC Working Paper Series 07-03e, EERC Research Network, Russia and CIS.
  114. Chang Ma & Shang-Jin Wei, 2020. "International Equity and Debt Flows: Composition, Crisis, and Controls," NBER Working Papers 27129, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  115. Mina, Wasseem, 2020. "Do GCC market-oriented labor policies encourage inward FDI flows?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
  116. Haryo Kuncoro, 2012. "Does The Local Economic Governance In Indonesiaperform An Improvement?," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 15(1), pages 83-106, July.
  117. Liu, Haiyue & Wang, Yile & Jiang, Jie & Wu, Peng, 2020. "How green is the “Belt and Road Initiative”? – Evidence from Chinese OFDI in the energy sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
  118. Wei, Shang-Jin, 2006. "Connecting two views on financial globalization: Can we make further progress?," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 459-481, December.
  119. repec:zbw:bofitp:2009_003 is not listed on IDEAS
  120. Roland Bardy & Stephen Drew & Tumenta Kennedy, 2012. "Foreign Investment and Ethics: How to Contribute to Social Responsibility by Doing Business in Less-Developed Countries," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 106(3), pages 267-282, March.
  121. Abderraouf Ben Ahmed Mtiraoui, 2020. "Corruption between economic institutional aspect and social aspect through governance [La corruption entre l’aspect institutionnel économique et l’aspect social à travers la gouvernance]," Working Papers hal-02535463, HAL.
  122. Miaojie Yu, 2020. "China-US Trade War and Trade Talk," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-981-15-3785-1, July.
  123. Jeffrey A. Frankel & Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. "Managing Macroeconomic Crises," NBER Working Papers 10907, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  124. Mariam Camarero & Sergi Moliner & Cecilio Tamarit, 2019. "Searching The Us Fdi Determinants In The Eu: Is There A Euro Effect?," Working Papers 1916, Department of Applied Economics II, Universidad de Valencia.
  125. Chi, Wei & Wang, Yijiang, 2008. "Bribe-Taking by Bureaucrats: Personal and Circumstantial Determinants," MPRA Paper 8668, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  126. Mariam Camarero & Sergi Moliner & Cecilio Tamarit, 2021. "Is there a euro effect in the drivers of US FDI? New evidence using Bayesian model averaging techniques," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 157(4), pages 881-926, November.
  127. Duncan, Roberto, 2014. "Institutional quality, the cyclicality of monetary policy and macroeconomic volatility," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PA), pages 113-155.
  128. Jiandong Ju & Shang-Jin Wei, 2010. "Domestic Institutions and the Bypass Effect of Financial Globalization," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 2(4), pages 173-204, November.
  129. Burcu ŞENALP, 2018. "Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey," Istanbul Journal of Economics-Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 68(2), pages 301-336, December.
  130. Laura Alfaro & Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan & Vadym Volosovych, 2007. "Capital Flows in a Globalized World: The Role of Policies and Institutions," NBER Chapters, in: Capital Controls and Capital Flows in Emerging Economies: Policies, Practices, and Consequences, pages 19-72, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  131. Godinez, Jose R. & Liu, Ling, 2015. "Corruption distance and FDI flows into Latin America," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 33-42.
  132. repec:zbw:bofitp:2014_004 is not listed on IDEAS
  133. Yin‐Wong Cheung & Xingwang Qian, 2009. "Empirics Of China'S Outward Direct Investment," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(3), pages 312-341, August.
  134. Delannay, Anne-France & Méon, Pierre-Guillaume, 2006. "The Impact of European Integration on the Nineties’ Wave of Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 21, pages 426-446.
  135. Che, Yi & Du, Julan & Lu, Yi & Tao, Zhigang, 2017. "Institutional Difference and FDI Location Choice: Evidence from China," MPRA Paper 77158, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  136. Barassi, Marco R. & Zhou, Ying, 2012. "The effect of corruption on FDI: A parametric and non-parametric analysis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 302-312.
  137. De Santis, Roberto A. & Coeurdacier, Nicolas & Aviat, Antonin, 2009. "Cross-Border Mergers and acquisitions: Financial and institutional forces," Working Paper Series 1018, European Central Bank.
  138. Reza Tajaddini & Hassan F. Gholipour, 2018. "Control of Corruption and Luxury Goods Consumption," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 71(4), pages 613-641, November.
  139. Lskavyan, Vahe & Spatareanu, Mariana, 2008. "Host country's governance and the size of foreign investors," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 100(2), pages 258-261, August.
  140. repec:aer:wpaper:320 is not listed on IDEAS
  141. Takuma Kunieda & Keisuke Okada & Akihisa Shibata, 2016. "Corruption, Financial Development and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence From an Instrumental Variable Approach With Human Genetic Diversity," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 45(3), pages 353-392, November.
  142. Katz, Barbara G. & Owen, Joel, 2006. "Should governments compete for foreign direct investment?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 230-248, February.
  143. Thede, Susanna & Karpaty, Patrik, 2023. "Effects of corruption on foreign direct investment: Evidence from Swedish multinational enterprises," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 348-371.
  144. Bertrand Venard & Mohamed Hanafi, 2008. "Organizational Isomorphism and Corruption in Financial Institutions: Empirical Research in Emerging Countries," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 81(2), pages 481-498, August.
  145. Anh, Dao Le Trang & Quang, Nguyen Thi Thieu & Anh, Nguyen Tuan, 2024. "Investment decision and efficiency: Global insights on manufacturing firms amidst energy uncertainties," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
  146. Duygu Yolcu Karadam & Nadir Ocal, 2014. "Financial Integration and Growth: A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis," ERC Working Papers 1415, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Nov 2014.
  147. Torfinn Harding & Javorcik, Beata S, 2010. "Roll out the Red Carpet and They Will Come: Investment Promotion and FDI Inflows," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 18, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
  148. de Jong, Eelke & Bogmans, Christian, 2011. "Does corruption discourage international trade?," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 385-398, June.
  149. Olivier Jeanne & Jeromin Zettelmeyer, 2001. "International bailouts, moral hazard and conditionality," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 16(33), pages 408-432.
  150. Hamza Belfqih & Ahlam Qafas & Mounir Jerry, 2022. "Investigating the Nexus Between FDI and Institutional Quality: Evidence from Morocco," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 14(3), pages 390-418, September.
  151. Julan Du & Yi Lu & Zhigang Tao, 2008. "FDI location choice: agglomeration vs institutions," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(1), pages 92-107.
  152. Valentino, Alfredo & Mayrhofer, Ulrike & Caroli, Matteo, 2022. "Internal and external drivers of anticorruption policies in multinationals," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(6).
  153. David M. Kemme & Bhavik Parikh & Tanja Steigner, 2017. "Tax Havens, Tax Evasion and Tax Information Exchange Agreements in the OECD," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 23(3), pages 519-542, June.
  154. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez & Timothy Goodspeed & Li Zhang, 2011. "Do Companies View Bribes as a Tax? Evidence on the Trade-off between Corporate Taxes and Corruption in the Location of FDI," International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series, at AYSPS, GSU paper1101, International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
  155. Frajana Layla & Shapan Chandra Majumder & Bismark Kusi Appiah & Anouba Acha Arnaud Martial & Kichiedou Geraud Randolphe & Obambi Chardel Cardorel, 2020. "A Panel Dynamic Analysis on Inward FDI and Institutional Quality in South Asia and South East Asia," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 10(6), pages 654-669, June.
  156. Haizhou Huang & Shang-Jin Wei, 2003. "Monetary Policies for Developing Countries: The Role of Corruption," NBER Working Papers 10093, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  157. Mariam Camarero & Sergi Moliner & Cecilio Tamarit, 2020. "Japan's FDI drivers in a time of financial uncertainty. New evidence based on Bayesian Model," Working Papers 2007, Department of Applied Economics II, Universidad de Valencia.
  158. Ito, Hiro, 2006. "Financial development and financial liberalization in Asia: Thresholds, institutions and the sequence of liberalization," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 303-327, December.
  159. Firth, John, 2023. "When do anti-bribery laws affect international trade?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
  160. Duygu Yolcu Karadam & Nadir Öcal, 2022. "Analysis of distinct asymmetries in financial integration‐growth nexus for industrial, emerging and developing countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 2326-2344, April.
  161. Fungáčová, Zuzana & Kochanova, Anna & Weill, Laurent, 2015. "Does Money Buy Credit? Firm-Level Evidence on Bribery and Bank Debt," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 308-322.
  162. Du, Julan & Lu, Yi & Tao, Zhigang, 2008. "Economic institutions and FDI location choice: Evidence from US multinationals in China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 412-429, September.
  163. Gonzalez-Eiras, Martin & Prado, Jr., Jose Mauricio, 2007. "Determinants of Capital Intensive and R&D Intensive Foreign Direct Investment," Seminar Papers 753, Stockholm University, Institute for International Economic Studies.
  164. Omer Gokcekus & Amy Muedin, 2008. "Quantifying corruption by a human capital earnings equation," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 55(3), pages 243-252, September.
  165. Stephen T Garnett & Liana N Joseph & James E M Watson & Kerstin K Zander, 2011. "Investing in Threatened Species Conservation: Does Corruption Outweigh Purchasing Power?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
  166. Ms. Jingqing Chai & Rishi Goyal, 2008. "Tax Concessions and Foreign Direct Investment in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union," IMF Working Papers 2008/257, International Monetary Fund.
  167. Méon, Pierre-Guillaume & Weill, Laurent, 2010. "Is Corruption an Efficient Grease?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 244-259, March.
  168. Alfredo Jiménez & Juan Fuente & Juan Durán, 2011. "Is There an East-West Structure in the Location of FDI in Europe? The Role of Institutions and Political Risk," Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, Tallinn School of Economics and Business Administration, Tallinn University of Technology, vol. 3(1).
  169. Wang, Yong, 2013. "Fiscal decentralization, endogenous policies, and foreign direct investment: Theory and evidence from China and India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 107-123.
  170. Yang Li & Erick W. Rengifo, 2018. "The Impact of Institutions and Exchange Rate Volatility on China’s Outward FDI," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(12), pages 2778-2798, September.
  171. Hawkes, Denise Donna & Yerrabati, Sridevi, 2015. "Institutions and investment in South and East Asia & Pacific region: Evidence from meta-analysis," Economics Discussion Papers 2015-62, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
  172. Zaiter Lahimer, Mahjouba, 2011. "L’impact des entrées de capitaux privés sur la croissance économique dans les pays en développement," Economics Thesis from University Paris Dauphine, Paris Dauphine University, number 123456789/7670 edited by Sterdyniak, Henri.
  173. Malhotra, Shavin & Sivakumar, K. & Zhu, PengCheng, 2011. "A comparative analysis of the role of national culture on foreign market acquisitions by U.S. firms and firms from emerging countries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 64(7), pages 714-722, July.
  174. Pierre-Guillaume Méon & Laurent Weill, 2004. "Does better governance foster efficiency? An aggregate frontier analysis," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 75-90, January.
  175. Javorcik, Beata S. & Wei, Shang-Jin, 2009. "Corruption and cross-border investment in emerging markets: Firm-level evidence," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 605-624, June.
  176. Alali, Walid Y., 2010. "Impact of Natural Environment, Regional Integration, and Policies on FDI," MPRA Paper 115612, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  177. Ludovic Feulefack Kemmanang & Jonas Juleo Dongmo Zamké, 2022. "Does the quality of institutions matter for foreign investment concentration in Africa? Understanding the controversial role of international aid," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 354-374, February.
  178. Hung Quang Doan & Nam Hoang Vu & Binh Tran-Nam & Ngoc-Anh Nguyen, 2022. "Effects of tax administration corruption on innovation inputs and outputs: evidence from small and medium sized enterprises in Vietnam," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 62(4), pages 1773-1800, April.
  179. Raymond Adegboyega, 2017. "Corruption and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Cointegration (FM-OLS) Approach," Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics, University of Petrosani, Romania, vol. 17(1), pages 5-18.
  180. Esteve-Pérez Silviano & Gil-Pareja Salvador & Llorca-Vivero Rafael & Paniagua Jordi, 2021. "Corruption and International Trade: A Re-assessment with Intra-National Flows," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 15(1), pages 187-198, January.
  181. Rahim M. Quazi, 2014. "Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia and South Asia: An Econometric Study," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 4(2), pages 231-242.
  182. Utz Weitzel & Sjors Berns, 2006. "Cross-border takeovers, corruption, and related aspects of governance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(6), pages 786-806, November.
  183. Buchen, Clemens, 2010. "Emerging economic systems in Central and Eastern Europe – a qualitative and quantitative assessment," EconStor Theses, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 37141, February.
  184. Luisa Melo & Michael A. Quinn, 2015. "Oil. Foreign Direct Investment an d Corruption," The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, The Institute for Business and Finance Research, vol. 9(1), pages 33-49.
  185. Rebecca Menes, 2006. "Limiting the Reach of the Grabbing Hand. Graft and Growth in American Cities, 1880 to 1930," NBER Chapters, in: Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's Economic History, pages 63-93, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  186. Andrei V. STOIAN, 2014. "Measuring The Evolution Of The Financial Globalization," Network Intelligence Studies, Romanian Foundation for Business Intelligence, Editorial Department, issue 4, pages 273-285, November.
  187. Cintra, Renato Fabiano & Cassol, Alessandra & Ribeiro, Ivano & de Carvalho, Antonio Oliveira, 2018. "Corruption and emerging markets: Systematic review of the most cited," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 607-619.
  188. Temple, Jonathan, 2001. "Growing into Trouble: Indonesia After 1966," CEPR Discussion Papers 2932, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  189. Smimou, K., 2014. "International portfolio choice and political instability risk: A multi-objective approach," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(2), pages 546-560.
  190. Zhang, Chuanchuan, 2020. "Clans, entrepreneurship, and development of the private sector in China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 100-123.
  191. Bogmans, C.W.J., 2011. "Essays on international trade and the environment," Other publications TiSEM b7453a6c-33b3-49a2-b5cc-8, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  192. Jennifer Chandler & John Graham, 2010. "Relationship-Oriented Cultures, Corruption, and International Marketing Success," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 92(2), pages 251-267, March.
  193. Bo Sui & Gen-Fu Feng & Chun-Ping Chang, 2018. "The pioneer evidence of contagious corruption," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(2), pages 945-968, March.
  194. repec:zbw:bofitp:2008_020 is not listed on IDEAS
  195. Rodrigues-Neto, José A., 2014. "On corruption, bribes and the exchange of favors," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 152-162.
  196. Kunieda, Takuma & Okada, Keisuke & Shibata, Akihisa, 2011. "Corruption, Globalization, and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence," MPRA Paper 35355, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  197. Saha, Shrabani & Sen, Kunal, 2023. "Do economic and political crises lead to corruption? The role of institutions," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
  198. Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro, 2008. "Better the devil you don't know: Types of corruption and FDI in transition economies," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 12-27, March.
  199. Huang, Chenghao & Jin, Zhi & Tian, Siyang & Wu, Eliza, 2023. "The real effects of corruption on M&A flows: Evidence from China's anti-corruption campaign," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
  200. Aharonovitz Gilad D, 2011. "Migration of Firms, Home Bias and Economic Growth," Global Economy Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 11(2), pages 1-30, July.
  201. Rock, Michael T. & Bonnett, Heidi, 2004. "The Comparative Politics of Corruption: Accounting for the East Asian Paradox in Empirical Studies of Corruption, Growth and Investment," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 999-1017, June.
  202. Beirne, John & Panthi, Pradeep, 2022. "Institutional Quality and Macrofinancial Resilience in Asia," ADBI Working Papers 1336, Asian Development Bank Institute.
  203. Liu, Xiaohui & Gao, Lan & Lu, Jiangyong & Lioliou, Eleni, 2016. "Environmental risks, localization and the overseas subsidiary performance of MNEs from an emerging economy," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 51(3), pages 356-368.
  204. Mara Faccio, 2006. "Politically Connected Firms," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(1), pages 369-386, March.
  205. Andrew Powell & Dilip Ratha & Sanket Mohapatra, 2002. "Capital Inflows and Capital Outflows: Measurement, Determinants, Consequences," Business School Working Papers veinticinco, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella.
  206. Márcio Mateus & Isabel Proença & Paulo Júlio, 2016. "What Drives Foreign Direct Investment In The Tradable Sector?," Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, vol. 21(2), pages 101-142.
  207. Wei, Shang-Jin & Javorcik, Beata, 2001. "Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-Level Evidence," CEPR Discussion Papers 2967, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  208. Şeker, Murat & Yang, Judy S., 2014. "Bribery solicitations and firm performance in the Latin America and Caribbean region," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 246-264.
  209. Juan Sanchez & Carolina Gomez & Guillermo Wated, 2008. "A Value-based Framework for Understanding Managerial Tolerance of Bribery in Latin America," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 83(2), pages 341-352, December.
  210. Ms. Elif C Arbatli Saxegaard, 2011. "Economic Policies and FDI Inflows to Emerging Market Economies," IMF Working Papers 2011/192, International Monetary Fund.
  211. Seker, Murat & Yang, Judy S., 2012. "How bribery distorts firm growth : differences by firm attributes," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6046, The World Bank.
  212. Banerjee, Rajabrata & Gupta, Kartick & Krishnamurti, Chandrasekhar, 2022. "Does corrupt practice increase the implied cost of equity?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
  213. Othmani, Abdelhafidh & Slimani, Slah & Bakari, Sayef, 2015. "Les Effets de la Corruption sur le Commerce Extérieur de la Tunisie : Une Approche du Modèle de Gravité Statique durant la Période 1999-2012," MPRA Paper 80894, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  214. Ben Dolman, 2007. "Patterns of Migration, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment across OECD Countries," DEGIT Conference Papers c012_030, DEGIT, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade.
  215. Lskavyan, Vahe & Spatareanu, Mariana, 2008. "Host country's governance and the size of foreign investors," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 100(2), pages 258-261, August.
  216. Groh, Alexander P. & Wich, Matthias, 2009. "A composite measure to determine a host country's attractiveness for foreign direct investment," IESE Research Papers D/833, IESE Business School.
  217. Rabah Arezki & Klaus Deininger & Harris Selod, 2015. "What Drives the Global "Land Rush"?," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 29(2), pages 207-233.
IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.