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Instrumental variables based on twin births are by definition not valid (v.3.0)

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  • Öberg, Stefan

Abstract

Twin births are a well-known and widespread example of a so-called “natural experiment”. Instrumental variables based on twin births have been used in many studies to estimate the causal effect of the number of children on the parents or siblings. I use the potential outcomes framework to show that these instrumental variables do not work as intended. They are fundamentally flawed and will always lead to severely biased estimates without any meaningful interpretation. This has been overlooked in previous research because too little attention has been paid to defining the treatment in this natural experiment. I analyze three different possible interpretations of the treatment and show that they all lead to inherent violations of the necessary assumptions. The effect of the number of on the parents or siblings is a policy relevant and theoretically important issue. The scientific record should therefore be corrected to not lead to misguided decisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Öberg, Stefan, 2018. "Instrumental variables based on twin births are by definition not valid (v.3.0)," SocArXiv zux9s, Center for Open Science.
    • Handle: RePEc:osf:socarx:zux9s
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/zux9s
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    Cited by:

    1. Öberg, Stefan, 2019. "Too LATE for Natural Experiments: A Critique of Local Average Treatment Effects Using the Example of Angrist and Evans (1998)," SocArXiv acdv4, Center for Open Science.
    2. Öberg, Stefan, 2021. "Treatment for natural experiments: How to improve causal estimates using conceptual definitions and substantive interpretations," SocArXiv pkyue, Center for Open Science.

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