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Viewpoint: An extended class of instrumental variables for the estimation of causal effects

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  • Karim Chalak
  • Halbert White

Abstract

We examine how structural systems can yield observed variables instrumental in identifying and estimating causal effects. We provide an exhaustive characterization of potentially identifying conditional exogeneity relationships and demonstrate how structural relations determine exogeneity and exclusion restrictions that yield moment conditions supporting identification. This provides a comprehensive framework for constructing instruments and covariates. We introduce notions of conditioning and conditional extended instrumental variables (XIVs). These permit identification but need not be traditional instruments, as they may be endogenous. We distinguish between observed XIVs and proxies for unobserved XIVs. A main message is the importance of sufficiently specifying causal relations governing the unobservables. Les auteurs examinent comment des systèmes structurels peuvent engendrer des variables observées instrumentales dans l'identification et l'estimation d'effets de causalité. On fournit une caractérisation exhaustive des relations d'exogénéité conditionnelle potentiellement porteuses d'identification, et on démontre comment des relations structurelles déterminent les restrictions d'exogénéité et d'exclusion qui engendrent les conditions de moment qui supportent l'identification. Cela fournit un cadre compréhensif pour construire instruments et covariables. On introduit des notions de variables instrumentales étendues conditionnantes et conditionnelles (XIVs). Celles‐ci permettent l'identification, mais n'ont pas àêtre des instruments traditionnels, parce qu'elles peuvent être endogènes. On distingue entre les XIVs observées et les variables concomitantes avec les XIVs non‐observées. Un message central est l'importance de suffisamment spécifier les relations causales qui gouvernent les non‐observables.

Suggested Citation

  • Karim Chalak & Halbert White, 2011. "Viewpoint: An extended class of instrumental variables for the estimation of causal effects," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 44(1), pages 1-51, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:44:y:2011:i:1:p:1-51
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01622.x
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    3. Miranda-Agrippino, Silvia & Ricco, Giovanni, 2023. "Identification with External Instruments in Structural VARs," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 1-19.
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    5. Huber Martin & Wüthrich Kaspar, 2019. "Local Average and Quantile Treatment Effects Under Endogeneity: A Review," Journal of Econometric Methods, De Gruyter, vol. 8(1), pages 1-27, January.
    6. Huber, Martin & Wüthrich, Kaspar, 2017. "Evaluating local average and quantile treatment effects under endogeneity based on instruments: a review," FSES Working Papers 479, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Freiburg/Fribourg Switzerland.
    7. Eva Deuchert & Martin Huber, 2017. "A Cautionary Tale About Control Variables in IV Estimation," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 79(3), pages 411-425, June.
    8. Guggenberger, Patrik, 2012. "A note on the (in)consistency of the test of overidentifying restrictions and the concepts of true and pseudo-true parameters," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 901-904.
    9. Halbert White & Karim Chalak, 2013. "Identification and Identification Failure for Treatment Effects Using Structural Systems," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(3), pages 273-317, November.
    10. Suyong Song & Stephen S. Baek, 2019. "Shape Matters: Evidence from Machine Learning on Body Shape-Income Relationship," Papers 1906.06747, arXiv.org.
    11. Paulo Parente & Richard Smith, 2012. "Exogeneity in semiparametric moment condition models," CeMMAP working papers 30/12, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    12. Lu, Xun & White, Halbert, 2014. "Robustness checks and robustness tests in applied economics," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 178(P1), pages 194-206.
    13. Schennach, Susanne & White, Halbert & Chalak, Karim, 2012. "Local indirect least squares and average marginal effects in nonseparable structural systems," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 166(2), pages 282-302.
    14. Montes-Rojas, Gabriel & Galvao, Antonio F., 2014. "Bayesian endogeneity bias modeling," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 122(1), pages 36-39.
    15. Galvao, Antonio F. & Montes-Rojas, Gabriel & Song, Suyong, 2017. "Endogeneity bias modeling using observables," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 41-45.
    16. Leonardo Marinho, 2022. "Causal Impulse Responses for Time Series," Working Papers Series 570, Central Bank of Brazil, Research Department.
    17. Graevenitz, Georg von & Weber, Richard, 2011. "How to Educate Entrepreneurs?," Discussion Papers in Business Administration 12280, University of Munich, Munich School of Management.
    18. Cameron McIntosh, 2014. "The presence of an error term does not preclude causal inference in regression: a comment on Krause (2012)," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 243-250, January.
    19. Lu, Xun & White, Halbert, 2014. "Testing for separability in structural equations," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 14-26.
    20. Diagne, Aliou & Alia, Didier Y. & Wopereis, Marco C.S. & Saito, Kazuki, 2012. "Impact of Rice Research on Income and Poverty in Africa: An Ex-ante Analysis," 2012 Conference, August 18-24, 2012, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 126874, International Association of Agricultural Economists.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C10 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - General
    • C13 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Estimation: General
    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
    • C31 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
    • C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation

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