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Gender Equality in the Labor Market: Women's Employment and Earnings

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  • Janet Gornick

Abstract

This chapter presents a cross-national portrait of gender equality in the labor market in the early 1990s, based on Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) data from fifteen countries. Cross-country comparisons are analyzed in the context of variation both across, and within, the three welfare state regime types that have dominated recent theoretical and empirical scholarship on the welfare state. The social democratic welfare states are represented in this analysis by Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden; the conservative (or corporatist) welfare states, by Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Spain; and the liberal (or residual) welfare states include, here, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The question as to whether these three regime types shape gendered labor market outcomes -- in other words, the extent to which variation across the regime types is greater than variation within them -- anchors the presentation of empirical findings. In the next section, three central concerns about the meaning of gender equality in the labor market are raised, and resolutions discussed. The following section traces major trends in gendered labor market patterns since 1960. Two subsequent sections present empirical results for the 1990s on gender differences across various labor market outcomes. Policy implications are presented in the final section, followed by conclusions.

Suggested Citation

  • Janet Gornick, 1999. "Gender Equality in the Labor Market: Women's Employment and Earnings," LIS Working papers 206, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
  • Handle: RePEc:lis:liswps:206
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gary S. Becker, 1981. "A Treatise on the Family," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number beck81-1.
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    3. Gillian Whitehouse, 1992. "Legislation and Labour Market Gender Inequality: An Analysis of OECD Countries," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 6(1), pages 65-86, March.
    4. Stephen Bazen & Gilbert Benhayoun, 1992. "Low Pay and Wage Regulation in the European Community," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 30(4), pages 623-638, December.
    5. Blau, Francine D & Kahn, Lawrence M, 1992. "The Gender Earnings Gap: Learning from International Comparisons," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(2), pages 533-538, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Peter Frase & Janet Gornick, 2009. "The Time Divide in Cross-National Perspective: The Work Week, Gender and Education in 17 Countries," LIS Working papers 526, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    2. Leyla Firuze Arda Ozalp, 2021. "Women’s Labor Force Participation and Inequality in Turkey," Journal of Economy Culture and Society, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 64(64), pages 91-104, December.
    3. Linda Steinsultz, 2006. "Inequality of Wealth for Never Married Women in Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United States," LIS Working papers 437, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.

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