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Debt Use by U.S. Farm Businesses, 2012–2021

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  • Subedi, Dipak
  • Giri, Anil K.

Abstract

The short-term Federal funds rate, which impacts the interest rate of other loans, has been increasing since March 2022. The rate can disproportionately affect demand for different types of loans, as well as the choice of the lender for different farm sizes. This report examines farm debt by lenders, as well as other attributes, such as the use of different loan types (real estate and non-real estate) among different types of farm businesses. The authors used data from multiple sources, including the USDA, Economic Research Service’s Farm Income and Wealth Statistics and the USDA, ERS Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), from 2012 to 2021 to understand the farm debt situation. Total U.S. farm debt in 2021 was $503.7 billion (in 2022 dollars), which was $127.8 billion (34 percent) higher compared with 2012 and was primarily driven by farm real estate debt. Total farm real estate debt was $344.5 billion, or more than two-thirds of total debt in 2021. The Farm Credit System, a nationwide network of borrower-owned lending institutions and specialized service organizations, provided 45 percent of total debt, and commercial banks provided 35 percent, resulting in these two lender entities providing 80 percent of the sector’s debt. The share of farm businesses with some debt grew as gross cash farm income increased along with the average and median loan size.

Suggested Citation

  • Subedi, Dipak & Giri, Anil K., 2024. "Debt Use by U.S. Farm Businesses, 2012–2021," Economic Information Bulletin 344131, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:uersib:344131
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.344131
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Giri, Anil & Litkowski, Carrie & Subedi, Dipak & McDonald, Tia, 2022. "COVID-19 Working Paper: Farm Sector Financial Ratios: Pre-COVID Forecasts and Pandemic Performance for 2020," Amber Waves:The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, vol. 2022(Administr), August.
    2. Whitt, Christine & Todd, Jessica E. & Keller, Andrew, 2021. "America's Diverse Family Farms: 2021 Edition," USDA Miscellaneous 316499, United States Department of Agriculture.
    3. Giri, Anil K. & Litkowski, Carrie & Subedi, Dipak & McDonald, Tia, 2022. "COVID-19 Working Paper: Farm Sector Financial Ratios: Pre-COVID Forecasts and Pandemic Performance for 2020," USDA Miscellaneous 327371, United States Department of Agriculture.
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    8. Giri, Anil & Litkowski, Carrie & Subedi, Dipak & McDonald, Tia, 2022. "COVID-19 Working Paper: Farm Sector Financial Ratios: Pre-COVID Forecasts and Pandemic Performance for 2020," Amber Waves:The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, vol. 2022(Administr), August.
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