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Spirituality in the Context of Well-being. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties and Added Value of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List Short Form (SAIL-SF)

Author

Listed:
  • E. T. Bohlmeijer

    (University of Twente)

  • L. Frielingsdorf

    (University of Twente)

  • J. T. Kraiss

    (University of Twente)

  • E. Jager-Meezenbroek

    (ACT Therapie Utrecht)

  • A. Visser

    (University of Groningen)

  • P. M. Klooster

    (University of Twente)

Abstract

There is growing evidence that spiritual well-being is positively associated with adaptive coping and health. The Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL) was developed to measure a sense of connectedness to oneself, the environment and the transcendent as a universal experience. The aim of the current study was to develop a short form of the SAIL (SAIL-SF). A factor analytic approach was adopted to select the items for the SAIL-SF based on earlier studies among nurses (n = 458) and cancer patients (n = 445). The dimensionality, factor-loadings, internal consistency, construct validity and incremental validity of the final SAIL-SF were then evaluated in a new sample of adults (n = 225) participating in a trial assessing a positive psychology intervention. The first study yielded seven items, each representing one of the dimensions of the original SAIL: meaningfulness, trust, acceptance, caring for others, connectedness with nature, transcendent experiences, and spiritual activities. The seven items represented a single meaningful factor in both samples and the factor loadings of the items were adequately high. In the second study, a good fit across the various model indices was found and all items had adequately high factor loadings in a strict unidimensional confirmatory factor model and demonstrated good internal consistency. The SAIL-SF explained 7% of variance in ability to adapt above and beyond emotional, psychological, and social well-being. The current study shows that the SAIL-SF has good psychometric properties, and that spiritual well-being has a unique contribution to the ability to adapt in comparison with other types of well-being.

Suggested Citation

  • E. T. Bohlmeijer & L. Frielingsdorf & J. T. Kraiss & E. Jager-Meezenbroek & A. Visser & P. M. Klooster, 2023. "Spirituality in the Context of Well-being. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties and Added Value of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List Short Form (SAIL-SF)," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 1169-1190, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jhappi:v:24:y:2023:i:3:d:10.1007_s10902-023-00640-8
    DOI: 10.1007/s10902-023-00640-8
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John Horn, 1965. "A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 30(2), pages 179-185, June.
    2. Keyes, C.L.M. & Dhingra, S.S. & Simoes, E.J., 2010. "Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental Illness," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(12), pages 2366-2371.
    3. Dirk Dierendonck, 2012. "Spirituality as an Essential Determinant for the Good Life, its Importance Relative to Self-Determinant Psychological Needs," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 13(4), pages 685-700, August.
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    1. Kim J. M. Tönis & Jannis T. Kraiss & Constance H. C. Drossaert & Joyce Karreman & Miriam S. D. Oostinga & Noortje Kloos & Judith Austin & Ernst T. Bohlmeijer, 2024. "Regaining Mental Well-Being in the Aftermath of the Covid-19 Pandemic with a Digital Multicomponent Positive Psychology Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 25(7), pages 1-26, October.

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