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More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They?

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  • Carolyn Liebler
  • Timothy Ortyl

Abstract

More than one million people reported their race as American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) in the 2000 U.S. census but did not do so in the 1990 census. We ask three questions. First, which subgroups had the greatest numerical growth? Second, which subgroups had the greatest proportional increase? And third, are the 2000 single-race AIANs and the 1990 AIANs the same set of people? We use full-count and high-density decennial census data; adjust for birth, death, and immigration; decompose on age, gender, Latino origin, education, and birth state; and compare the observed subgroup sizes in 2000 with the sizes expected based on 1990 counts. The largest numerical increases were among adolescent and middle-aged non-Latinos, non-Latino women, and adults with no college degree. Latinos, women, highly educated adults, and people born in Eastern states had the largest proportionate gains. The ability to report multiple races in 2000 and the new federal definition of “American Indian” may have especially affected these groups, although personal-identity changes are probably also involved. We find that thousands of new Latino AIANs reported only one race in 2000, but many 1990 AIANs reported multiple races in 2000. Thus, the 1990 AIANs and 2000 single-race AIANs are not always the same individuals. Copyright Population Association of America 2014

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  • Carolyn Liebler & Timothy Ortyl, 2014. "More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They?," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 51(3), pages 1101-1130, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:demogr:v:51:y:2014:i:3:p:1101-1130
    DOI: 10.1007/s13524-014-0288-7
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    9. Antman, Francisca M. & Duncan, Brian, 2023. "American Indian Casinos and Native American Self-Identification," IZA Discussion Papers 15861, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Carolyn A. Liebler & Sonya R. Porter & Leticia E. Fernandez & James M. Noon & Sharon R. Ennis, 2017. "America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(1), pages 259-284, February.
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    14. Carolyn A. Lieble & Sonya Rastogi & Leticia E. Fernandez & James M. Noon & Sharon R. Ennis, 2014. "America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnic Response Changes between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census," CARRA Working Papers 2014-09, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    15. Carolyn A. Liebler & Renuka Bhaskar & Sonya Rastogi, 2014. "Dynamics of Race: Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category between 2000 and 2010," CARRA Working Papers 2014-10, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
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