IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/13-02.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

More than a Million New American Indians in 2000: Who are They?

Author

Listed:
  • Carolyn A. Liebler
  • Timothy Ortyl

Abstract

Over a million people reported their race as American Indian in the 2000 U.S. Census but did not report that race in the 1990 Census. We investigate three questions related to this extraordinary population change: (1) Which subgroups of American Indians had the greatest numerical growth? (2) Which subgroups had the greatest proportional increase? And (3) is it plausible that all �new� American Indians reported multiple races in 2000? We use full-count and high-density decennial U.S. census data; adjust for birth, death, and immigration; decompose on age, gender, Latino origin, education, and birth state; and compare the observed American Indian subgroup sizes in 2000 to the sizes expected based on 1990 counts. The largest numerical increases were among non-Latino youth (ages 10-19), non-Latino adult women, and adults with no college degree. Latinos, highly-educated adults, and women have the largest proportionate gains, perhaps indicating that �American Indian� has special appeal in these groups. We also find evidence that a substantial number of new American Indians reported only American Indian race in 2000, rather than a multiple-race response. This research is relevant to social theorists, race scholars, community members, program evaluators, and the Census Bureau.

Suggested Citation

  • Carolyn A. Liebler & Timothy Ortyl, 2013. "More than a Million New American Indians in 2000: Who are They?," Working Papers 13-02, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    • Handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:13-02
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2013/CES-WP-13-02.pdf
    File Function: First version, 2013
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Epstein, M. & Moreno, R. & Bacchetti, P., 1997. "The underreporting of deaths of American Indian children in California, 1979 through 1993," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 87(8), pages 1363-1366.
    2. Karl Eschbach, 1993. "Changing identification among American Indians and Alaska natives," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 30(4), pages 635-652, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Carolyn Liebler & Timothy Ortyl, 2014. "More Than One Million New American Indians in 2000: Who Are They?," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 51(3), pages 1101-1130, June.
    2. Anthony Daniel Perez & Charles Hirschman, 2009. "The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 35(1), pages 1-51, March.
    3. Patrick Broman & Tahu Kukutai, 2021. "Fixed not fluid: European identification in the Aotearoa New Zealand census," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 38(2), pages 103-138, June.
    4. Carolyn A. Liebler, 2018. "Counting America’s First Peoples," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 677(1), pages 180-190, May.
    5. Guang Guo & Yilan Fu & Hedwig Lee & Tianji Cai & Kathleen Mullan Harris & Yi Li, 2014. "Genetic Bio-Ancestry and Social Construction of Racial Classification in Social Surveys in the Contemporary United States," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 51(1), pages 141-172, February.
    6. Akee, Randall K. Q. & Feir, Donn. L. & Gorzig, Marina Mileo & Myers Jr, Samuel, 2022. "Native American "Deaths of Despair" and Economic Conditions," IZA Discussion Papers 15546, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Kimberly Huyser & Arthur Sakamoto & Isao Takei, 2010. "The Persistence of Racial Disadvantage: The Socioeconomic Attainments of Single-Race and Multi-Race Native Americans," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 29(4), pages 541-568, August.
    8. Julian A Villalba & Yushi Liu & Mauyuri K Alvarez & Luisana Calderon & Merari Canache & Gaudymar Cardenas & Berenice Del Nogal & Howard E Takiff & Jacobus H De Waard, 2013. "Low Child Survival Index in a Multi-Dimensionally Poor Amerindian Population in Venezuela," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(12), pages 1-1, December.
    9. Jeffrey Burnette & Weiwei Zhang, 2019. "Distributional Differences and the Native American Gender Wage Gap," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-18, May.
    10. Carolyn A. Lieble & Sonya Rastogi & Leticia E. Fernandez & James M. Noon & Sharon R. Ennis, 2014. "America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnic Response Changes between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census," CARRA Working Papers 2014-09, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    11. Carolyn A. Liebler & Renuka Bhaskar & Sonya Rastogi, 2014. "Dynamics of Race: Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category between 2000 and 2010," CARRA Working Papers 2014-10, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    12. Hurst, Michael, 1997. "The determinants of earnings differentials for indigenous Americans: Human capital, location, or discrimination?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 787-807.
    13. Carolyn A. Liebler & Sonya R. Porter & Leticia E. Fernandez & James M. Noon & Sharon R. Ennis, 2017. "America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(1), pages 259-284, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Race; American Indian; U.S. Census; Research Data Center; racial identification;
    All these keywords.

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:cen:wpaper:13-02. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Dawn Anderson (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cesgvus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.