IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/entthe/v46y2022i3p607-642.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Entrepreneurial Fraud: A Multidisciplinary Review and Synthesized Framework

Author

Listed:
  • David J. Scheaf
  • Matthew S. Wood

Abstract

The practical relevance of entrepreneurial fraud has stimulated a wide array of research occurring in disciplinary silos. We take stock of the current state of the entrepreneurial fraud literature by conducting a multidisciplinary systematic literature review and synthesize the findings into a unified framework. Taking an inductive approach, our framework depicts the antecedents, inner workings, and ramifications of entrepreneurial fraud. Doing so, we reveal nuances in the inner workings of entrepreneurial fraud, such as variation in the focus and magnitude of deception used to obtain valuable resources from stakeholders and that fraud can service authentic entrepreneurial activities or nonentrepreneurial personal uses. Accounting for these distinctions reveals that fraud can result in a mixture of positive and negative consequences for perpetrators, victims, and societies.

Suggested Citation

  • David J. Scheaf & Matthew S. Wood, 2022. "Entrepreneurial Fraud: A Multidisciplinary Review and Synthesized Framework," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 46(3), pages 607-642, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:entthe:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:607-642
    DOI: 10.1177/10422587211001818
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10422587211001818
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/10422587211001818?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Zhen & Arvey, Richard D., 2009. "Rule breaking in adolescence and entrepreneurial status: An empirical investigation," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 436-447, September.
    2. Ronald K. Mitchell & J. Brock Smith & Eric A. Morse & Kristie W. Seawright & Ana Maria Peredo & Brian McKenzie, 2002. "Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognitions across Cultures," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 26(4), pages 9-32, July.
    3. Clotilde Champeyrache, 2018. "Destructive Entrepreneurship: The Cost of the Mafia for the Legal Economy," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(1), pages 157-172, January.
    4. Deana Nance & Joseph D. Vu, 1993. "Shareholder Liability for Corporate Obligations in Small Business," Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, Pepperdine University, Graziadio School of Business and Management, vol. 2(2), pages 175-182, Spring.
    5. Basu, Kaushik, 2010. "A marketing scheme for making money off innocent people: A user's manual," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 107(2), pages 122-124, May.
    6. Yung, Chris, 2019. "Entrepreneurial manipulation with staged financing," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 273-282.
    7. Brenkert, George G., 2009. "Innovation, rule breaking and the ethics of entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 448-464, September.
    8. Niklas Elert & Magnus Henrekson, 2016. "Evasive entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 95-113, June.
    9. Vasant Raval, 2018. "A Disposition-Based Fraud Model: Theoretical Integration and Research Agenda," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 150(3), pages 741-763, July.
    10. William B. Gartner, 2001. "Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 25(4), pages 27-39, July.
    11. Ann Terlaak & Seonghoon Kim & Taewoo Roh, 2018. "Not Good, Not Bad: The Effect of Family Control on Environmental Performance Disclosure by Business Group Firms," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 153(4), pages 977-996, December.
    12. Per Davidsson & Johan Wiklund, 2001. "Levels of Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research: Current Research Practice and Suggestions for the Future," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 25(4), pages 81-100, July.
    13. Johnson, Paul E. & Grazioli, Stefano & Jamal, Karim, 1993. "Fraud detection: Intentionality and deception in cognition," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 467-488, July.
    14. Hartmut Berghoff & Uwe Spiekermann, 2018. "Shady business: On the history of white-collar crime," Business History, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 60(3), pages 289-304, April.
    15. Aidis, Ruta & van Praag, Mirjam, 2007. "Illegal entrepreneurship experience: Does it make a difference for business performance and motivation?," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 283-310, March.
    16. Robert Baron & Hao Zhao & Qing Miao, 2015. "Personal Motives, Moral Disengagement, and Unethical Decisions by Entrepreneurs: Cognitive Mechanisms on the “Slippery Slope”," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 128(1), pages 107-118, April.
    17. Scheaf, David J. & Davis, Blakley C. & Webb, Justin W. & Coombs, Joseph E. & Borns, Jared & Holloway, Garrett, 2018. "Signals' flexibility and interaction with visual cues: Insights from crowdfunding," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 720-741.
    18. Fisher, Greg & Kuratko, Donald F. & Bloodgood, James M. & Hornsby, Jeffrey S., 2017. "Legitimate to whom? The challenge of audience diversity and new venture legitimacy," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 52-71.
    19. Denise Fleck & Roger J. Volkema & Sergio Pereira, 2016. "Dancing on the Slippery Slope: The Effects of Appropriate Versus Inappropriate Competitive Tactics on Negotiation Process and Outcome," Group Decision and Negotiation, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 873-899, September.
    20. Philip M. Podsakoff & Scott B. MacKenzie & Daniel G. Bachrach & Nathan P. Podsakoff, 2005. "The influence of management journals in the 1980s and 1990s," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(5), pages 473-488, May.
    21. Thomas G. Pittz & Terry R. Adler, 2014. "Entrepreneurial piracy through strategic deception: the 'make, buy, or steal' decision," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 22(4), pages 466-481.
    22. Jamie D. Collins & Jeffery S. McMullen & Christopher R. Reutzel, 2016. "Distributive justice, corruption, and entrepreneurial behavior," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 981-1006, December.
    23. Tom Clevenger & Gary Baker, 2007. "Tools to Apply to Financial Statements to Identify Errors, Omissions and Fraud in Business Valuations," Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, Pepperdine University, Graziadio School of Business and Management, vol. 12(2), pages 75-86, Fall.
    24. Sobel, Russell S., 2008. "Testing Baumol: Institutional quality and the productivity of entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 641-655, November.
    25. Ika, Lavagnon A., 2018. "Beneficial or Detrimental Ignorance: The Straw Man Fallacy of Flyvbjerg’s Test of Hirschman’s Hiding Hand," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 369-382.
    26. Jones, Marian V. & Coviello, Nicole & Tang, Yee Kwan, 2011. "International Entrepreneurship research (1989–2009): A domain ontology and thematic analysis," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 632-659.
    27. Harris, Jared D. & Sapienza, Harry J. & Bowie, Norman E., 2009. "Ethics and entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 407-418, September.
    28. Michael T. Schaper & Paul Weber, 2012. "Understanding Small Business Scams," Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 20(03), pages 333-356.
    29. Baucus, Melissa S. & Mitteness, Cheryl R., 2016. "Crowdfrauding: Avoiding Ponzi entrepreneurs when investing in new ventures," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 59(1), pages 37-50.
    30. Han Jiang & Albert A. Cannella & Jie Jiao, 2018. "Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 42(5), pages 769-796, September.
    31. Chen, Gongmeng & Firth, Michael & Gao, Daniel N. & Rui, Oliver M., 2006. "Ownership structure, corporate governance, and fraud: Evidence from China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 424-448, June.
    32. Christian Fisch & Joern Block, 2018. "Six tips for your (systematic) literature review in business and management research," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 68(2), pages 103-106, April.
    33. John K Mbroh, 2012. "Cash Management Practices of Small Business Owners in the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area of Ghana," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 2(1), pages 40-58.
    34. Yi Qian, 2008. "Impacts of Entry by Counterfeiters," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 123(4), pages 1577-1609.
    35. Frank S. Lockwood, 2007. "The Fraud Investigation Detective Agency: Note to Instructors," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 31(2), pages 319-321, March.
    36. Baumol, William J., 1996. "Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 3-22, January.
    37. Romeo Turcan & Anita Juho, 2014. "What happens to international new ventures beyond start-up: An exploratory study," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 129-145, June.
    38. Aleksandra Kowalska, 2018. "The Study of the Intersection Between Food Fraud/Adulteration and Authenticity," Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, Mendel University Press, vol. 66(5), pages 1275-1286.
    39. Ellman, Matthew & Hurkens, Sjaak, 2019. "Fraud tolerance in optimal crowdfunding," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 11-16.
    40. Matthew W. Rutherford & Paul F. Buller & J. Michael Stebbins, 2009. "Ethical Considerations of the Legitimacy Lie," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(4), pages 949-964, July.
    41. Djawadi, Behnud Mir & Fahr, René, 2015. "“…and they are really lying”: Clean evidence on the pervasiveness of cheating in professional contexts from a field experiment," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 48-59.
    42. Frank S. Lockwood, 2007. "The Fraud Investigation Detective Agency," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 31(2), pages 299-318, March.
    43. Sanya Ojo & Sonny Nwankwo & Ayantunji Gbadamosi, 2013. "Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(7-8), pages 587-611, September.
    44. Lars Hornuf & Armin Schwienbacher, 2017. "Should securities regulation promote equity crowdfunding?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 49(3), pages 579-593, October.
    45. Andreas Rauch, 2020. "Opportunities and Threats in Reviewing Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 44(5), pages 847-860, September.
    46. Mathew L. A. Hayward & Dean A. Shepherd & Dale Griffin, 2006. "A Hubris Theory of Entrepreneurship," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(2), pages 160-172, February.
    47. Antoncic, Bostjan & Hisrich, Robert D., 2001. "Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 495-527, September.
    48. Tobias Karmann & René Mauer & Tessa C. Flatten & Malte Brettel, 2016. "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Corruption," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 133(2), pages 223-234, January.
    49. Keishun Suzuki, 2015. "Legal enforcement against illegal imitation in developing countries," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 116(3), pages 247-270, November.
    50. Angelo Cavallo & Antonio Ghezzi & Raffaello Balocco, 2019. "Entrepreneurial ecosystem research: present debates and future directions," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 1291-1321, December.
    51. Bandura, Albert, 1991. "Social cognitive theory of self-regulation," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 248-287, December.
    52. Doug Laufer, 2011. "Small Business Entrepreneurs: A Focus on Fraud Risk and Prevention," American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, Science Publications, vol. 3(2), pages 401-404, June.
    53. Yi Qian & Qiang Gong & Yuxin Chen, 2015. "Untangling Searchable and Experiential Quality Responses to Counterfeits," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 34(4), pages 522-538, July.
    54. Yi Qian, 2014. "Counterfeiters: Foes or Friends? How Counterfeits Affect Sales by Product Quality Tier," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(10), pages 2381-2400, October.
    55. John K. Mbroh, 2012. "Cash Management Practices of Small Business Owners in the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area of Ghana," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 2(1), pages 40-58, March.
    56. Axel v. Werder, 2011. "Corporate Governance and Stakeholder Opportunism," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 22(5), pages 1345-1358, October.
    57. Jay Nanduri & Yuting Jia & Anand Oka & John Beaver & Yung-Wen Liu, 2020. "Microsoft Uses Machine Learning and Optimization to Reduce E-Commerce Fraud," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 50(1), pages 64-79, January.
    58. David Palmer & Trevor Hedberg, 2013. "The Ethics of Marketing to Vulnerable Populations," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 116(2), pages 403-413, August.
    59. Simona Romani & Giacomo Gistri & Stefano Pace, 2012. "When counterfeits raise the appeal of luxury brands," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 807-824, September.
    60. Annaleena Parhankangas & Hans Landström, 2004. "Responses to psychological contract violations in the venture capitalist-entrepreneur relationship: An exploratory study," Venture Capital, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(4), pages 217-242, October.
    61. Darby, Michael R & Karni, Edi, 1973. "Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 16(1), pages 67-88, April.
    62. Williams, David W. & Wood, Matthew S. & Mitchell, J. Robert & Urbig, Diemo, 2019. "Applying experimental methods to advance entrepreneurship research: On the need for and publication of experiments," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 215-223.
    63. Justin W. Webb & Theodore A. Khoury & Michael A. Hitt, 2020. "The Influence of Formal and Informal Institutional Voids on Entrepreneurship," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 44(3), pages 504-526, May.
    64. Pollack, Jeffrey M. & Bosse, Douglas A., 2014. "When do investors forgive entrepreneurs for lying?," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 741-754.
    65. Dickel, Petra & Graeff, Peter, 2018. "Entrepreneurs' propensity for corruption: A vignette-based factorial survey," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 77-86.
    66. Neese, William T. & Ferrell, Linda & Ferrell, O. C., 2005. "An analysis of federal mail and wire fraud cases related to marketing," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(7), pages 910-918, July.
    67. Lutz Kaufmann & Joerg Rottenburger & Craig R. Carter & Christian Schlereth, 2018. "Bluffs, Lies, and Consequences: A Reconceptualization of Bluffing in Buyer–Supplier Negotiations," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 54(2), pages 49-70, April.
    68. Zhou, Wubiao, 2017. "Institutional environment, public-private hybrid forms, and entrepreneurial reinvestment in a transition economy," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 197-214.
    69. Franz W. Kellermanns & Kimberly A. Eddleston & Thomas M. Zellweger, 2012. "Article Commentary: Extending the Socioemotional Wealth Perspective: A Look at the Dark Side," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 36(6), pages 1175-1182, November.
    70. Michael Luca & Georgios Zervas, 2016. "Fake It Till You Make It: Reputation, Competition, and Yelp Review Fraud," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(12), pages 3412-3427, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Drydakis, Nick, 2024. "Business Disruptions Due to Social Vulnerability and Criminal Activities in Urban Areas," IZA Discussion Papers 17321, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. Yan, Jiaju & Boss, Alan D. & Reger, Rhonda K., 2023. "The unrelenting entrepreneur: Taking stock of research on entrepreneurial persistence and related constructs," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    3. Clark, Daniel R. & Skousen, Bradley R., 2023. "Whistleblowing in entrepreneurial ventures," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 19(C).
    4. Pollack, Jeffrey M. & Cardon, Melissa S. & Rutherford, Matthew W. & Ruggs, Enrica N. & Balachandra, Lakshmi & Baron, Robert A., 2023. "Rationality in the entrepreneurship process: Is being rational actually rational? Introduction to the special issue," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 38(3).
    5. Drydakis, Nick, 2024. "Business Disruptions Due to Social Vulnerability and Criminal Activities in Urban Areas," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1495, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    6. James J. Chrisman & Donald O. Neubaum & Friederike Welter & Karl Wennberg, 2022. "Knowledge Accumulation in Entrepreneurship," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 46(3), pages 479-496, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wood, Matthew S. & Scheaf, David J. & Dwyer, Sean M., 2022. "Fake it ‘til you make it: Hazards of a cultural norm in entrepreneurship," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 65(5), pages 681-696.
    2. Vasilis Theoharakis & Seraphim Voliotis & Jeffrey M. Pollack, 2021. "Going Down the Slippery Slope of Legitimacy Lies in Early-Stage Ventures: The Role of Moral Disengagement," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 172(4), pages 673-690, September.
    3. Sorgner, Alina & Wyrwich, Michael, 2022. "Calling Baumol: What telephones can tell us about the allocation of entrepreneurial talent in the face of radical institutional changes," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(5).
    4. Marcus Box & Karl Gratzer & Xiang Lin, 2020. "Destructive entrepreneurship in the small business sector: bankruptcy fraud in Sweden, 1830–2010," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 437-457, February.
    5. Elert, Niklas & Henrekson, Magnus, 2017. "Entrepreneurship and Institutions: A Bidirectional Relationship," Working Paper Series 1153, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, revised 05 May 2017.
    6. Elert, Niklas & Stenkula, Mikael, 2020. "Intrapreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive," Working Paper Series 1367, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
    7. Djula Borozan & Josip Arneric & Ilija Coric, 2017. "A comparative study of net entrepreneurial productivity in developed and post-transition economies," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 855-880, September.
    8. Katarzyna Cieslik & Marek Hudon & Philip Verwimp, 2015. "Unruly Entrepreneurs - Value Creation and Value Capture by Microfinance Clients in Rural Burundi," Working Papers CEB 15-013, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    9. Niklas Elert & Magnus Henrekson, 2021. "Entrepreneurship prompts institutional change in developing economies," The Review of Austrian Economics, Springer;Society for the Development of Austrian Economics, vol. 34(1), pages 33-53, March.
    10. Ratan J. S. Dheer, 2017. "Cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity: role of culture and institutional factors," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 48(4), pages 813-842, April.
    11. Niklas Elert & Magnus Henrekson, 2016. "Evasive entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 95-113, June.
    12. Harris, Jared D. & Sapienza, Harry J. & Bowie, Norman E., 2009. "Ethics and entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(5), pages 407-418, September.
    13. Simon Kleinert, 2024. "The Promise of New Ventures’ Growth Ambitions in Early-Stage Funding: On the Crossroads between Cheap Talk and Credible Signals," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 48(1), pages 274-309, January.
    14. Bernd Wurth & Erik Stam & Ben Spigel, 2022. "Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 46(3), pages 729-778, May.
    15. Rodgers, Waymond & Al Shammakhi, Badriya N. & Jeaneth, Johansson & Wincent, Joakim & Adams, Kweku, 2020. "DIY Entrepreneurship: a decision-pathway framework for ethical thought structures," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    16. Vallaster, Christine & Kraus, Sascha & Merigó Lindahl, José M. & Nielsen, Annika, 2019. "Ethics and entrepreneurship: A bibliometric study and literature review," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 226-237.
    17. Esther Salvi & Frank-Martin Belz & Sophie Bacq, 2023. "Informal Entrepreneurship: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 47(2), pages 265-303, March.
    18. David Urbano & Sebastian Aparicio & David Audretsch, 2019. "Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what has been learned?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 21-49, June.
    19. Shepherd, Dean A. & Osofero, Moses & Wincent, Joakim, 2022. "A personal adversity model of justifying the costs of entrepreneurial action: The case of oil thieves in the Niger DELTA," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(1).
    20. Erkko Autio & Saurav Pathak & Karl Wennberg, 2013. "Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 44(4), pages 334-362, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:entthe:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:607-642. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.