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La pluralité des rapports au marché dans les très petites entreprises : une approche typologique

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  • Alexandre Mallard

Abstract

[fre] La capacité des très petites entreprises (TPE) à dynamiser le tissu économique fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'un certain nombre d'attentes. Les chercheurs, tout comme les pouvoirs publics, mettent l'accent sur le rôle que peuvent jouer des petites structures, dans une économie qui repose de plus en plus sur la flexibilité et exige une adaptation permanente aux évolutions fluctuantes des marchés. Les TPE déploient des formes de rapport au marché relativement diversifiées, à l'image de ce qu'elles sont. Une enquête statistique réalisée auprès de 818 entreprises et indépendants permet de mettre en évidence huit classes. Celles-ci se caractérisent par l'inscription de l'activité dans des territoires géographiques, la forme de la relation au client, les modalités de création et l'entretien des liens marchands ainsi que la perception du rôle de la concurrence. Ainsi, les deux premières classes se rejoignent sur le fait de recevoir leurs clients dans un espace ouvert sur l'extérieur alors que les deux suivantes s'appuient sur le bouche à oreille et les réseaux informels. Les deux suivantes opèrent sur une clientèle plus large (nationale ou internationale) tandis que les deux dernières classes semblent en retrait du marché, l'une en raison d'un nombre très restreint de clients et l'autre par une sorte d'absence de réflexion sur ces sujets. Cette typologie est utilisée pour distinguer les usages d'internet mis en oeuvre par les TPE (du point de vue de la communication, du développement des sites et de la recherche de partenaires), ainsi que les formes de proximité qu'elles peuvent mobiliser dans l'action économique. [ger] An die sehr kleinen Unternehmen werden heute vielfältige Erwartungen geknüpft, was ihre Fähigkeit zur Dynamisierung des Wirtschaftsgefüges anbelangt. Die Forscher wie auch die Behörden verweisen auf die Rolle, die kleine Strukturen in einer Wirtschaft spielen können, die immer fl exibler wird und eine ständige Anpassung an die Marktschwankungen erforderlich macht. Charakteristisch für die sehr kleinen Unternehmen sind ihre relativ diversifi zierten Beziehungen zum Markt, was ihrer eigenen Vielfalt entspricht. Anhand einer statistischen Erhebung bei 818 Unternehmen und Selbständigen lassen sich acht Klassen aufzeigen. Die-Vielfalt der Marktbeziehungen der sehr kleinen Unternehmen: ein typologischer Ansatz [spa] La pluralidad de las relaciones en el mercado en las muy pequeñas empresas: un enfoque tipológico. La capacidad de las muy pequeñas empresas (MPE) para dinamizar el tejido económico actualmente objeto de numerosas expectativas. Los investigadores, así como los poderes públicos, acentúan el papel que las pequeñas estructuras pueden desempeñar en una economía basada cada vez más en la fl exibilidad y que exige una continua adaptación a las fl uctuantes evoluciones de los mercados. Las MPE muestran formas de relacionarse con el mercado relativamente diversifi cadas, a imagen de lo que son. Una encuesta estadística realizada ante 818 empresas y autónomos permite evidenciar ocho clases. Éstas se caracterizan por la fi liación de la actividad en los territorios geográfi cos, la forma de relacionarse con el cliente, las modalidades de creación y mantenimiento de los vínculos comerciales, así como la percepción del papel de la competencia. Así, las dos primeras clases se asemejan por el hecho de recibir a sus clientes en un espacio abierto al exterior, mientras que las dos siguientes se apoyan en el boca a boca y las redes informales. Las dos siguien- [eng] The capacity of very small enterprises (VSE) to boost the economic fabric is currently subject to a certain weight of expectation. Researchers, like the public authorities, emphasise the role which small institutions can play in an economy which is increasingly based on fl exibility and demands continual adaptation to market fl uctuations. VSE employ a relatively diverse range of forms of market relationship, in line with the form of the business itself. A statistical survey of 818 companies and selfemployed individuals identifi es eight categories. These are characterised by the registration of the business in geographical regions, the form of client relationship, start-up conditions, the maintenance of market links and the view taken of the role of competition. The fi rst two categories thus share the characteristic of receiving their clients in an open shop, while the next two rely on word of mouth and informal networks. The next two operate with a wider clientele (national or international) while the last two categories seem to be removed from the market, one because of a very restricted number of clients and the other because of a sort of lack of consideration of these issues. This typology is used to distinguish the uses which VSE make of the internet (from the point of view of communication, website development and the search for partners), and the forms of closeness which they may employ in economic activity. The Diverse Range of Market Relationships in very Small Enterprises: a Typological Approach

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandre Mallard, 2007. "La pluralité des rapports au marché dans les très petites entreprises : une approche typologique," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 407(1), pages 51-71.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_407_1_7073
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7073
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7073
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fabienne Rosenwald, 1998. "Le financement de l'investissement des petites entreprises industrielles : la place prépondérante de l'autofinancement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 319(1), pages 127-136.
    2. Claude Picart, 2004. "Le tissu productif : renouvellement à la base et stabilité au sommet," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 371(1), pages 89-108.
    3. Michel Callon & Yuval Millo & Fabian Muniesa, 2007. "Market Devices," Post-Print halshs-00177891, HAL.
    4. Frédéric Boccara, 1998. "Emploi : mythe des PME et réalités des groupes," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 319(1), pages 137-161.
    5. Fabian Muniesa & Yuval Millo & Michel Callon, 2007. "An introduction to market devices," Post-Print halshs-00177928, HAL.
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    1. Marie-Christine Monnoyer-Longé, 2010. "Entrepreneurship and Service Innovation: A Challenge for Local Development," Chapters, in: Faïz Gallouj & Faridah Djellal (ed.), The Handbook of Innovation and Services, chapter 24, Edward Elgar Publishing.

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