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The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Factor Structure and Gender Equivalence in Norwegian Adolescents

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  • Tormod Bøe
  • Mari Hysing
  • Jens Christoffer Skogen
  • Kyrre Breivik

Abstract

Although frequently used with older adolescents, few studies of the factor structure, internal consistency and gender equivalence of the SDQ exists for this age group, with inconsistent findings. In the present study, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the five-factor structure of the SDQ in a population sample of 10,254 16–18 year-olds from the youth@hordaland study. Measurement invariance across gender was assessed using multigroup CFA. A modestly modified five-factor solution fitted the data acceptably, accounting for one cross loading and some local dependencies. Importantly, partial measurement non-invariance was identified, with differential item functioning in eight items, and higher correlations between emotional and conduct problems for boys compared to girls. Implications for use clinically and in research are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Tormod Bøe & Mari Hysing & Jens Christoffer Skogen & Kyrre Breivik, 2016. "The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Factor Structure and Gender Equivalence in Norwegian Adolescents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(5), pages 1-15, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0152202
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152202
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Miriama Lackova Rebicova & Zuzana Dankulincova Veselska & Daniela Husarova & Andrea Madarasova Geckova & Jitse P. van Dijk & Sijmen A. Reijneveld, 2019. "The Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences Is Associated with Emotional and Behavioral Problems among Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-8, July.
    2. Bibou-Nakou, I. & Markos, A. & Padeliadu, S. & Chatzilampou, P. & Ververidou, S., 2019. "Multi-informant evaluation of students' psychosocial status through SDQ in a national Greek sample," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 47-54.
    3. Ann Swift & Edurne Garcia Iriarte & Philip Curry & Roy McConkey & Robbie Gilligan & Marisa Antunes, 2021. "How Disability and Other Socio-Economic Factors Matter to Children’s Socio-Emotional Outcomes: Results from a Longitudinal Study Conducted in Ireland," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 14(1), pages 391-409, February.
    4. Furuhaug, Rebekka Andersen & Markussen, Vivian Elise Jaeger & Hysing, Mari & Nilsen, Sondre Aasen & Heradstveit, Ove & Askeland, Kristin Gärtner, 2024. "Mental health, negative life events and resilience among adolescents in contact with the child welfare services," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    5. Luca Rossi, 2020. "Callous-unemotionalTraits with Mental Disorders in Adolescents by Two-Way Log-Ratio Analysis," International Journal of Business and Social Research, LAR Center Press, vol. 10(4), pages 1-09, April.
    6. Alessandro Costantini & Cristina Semeraro & Pasquale Musso & Rosalinda Cassibba & Gabrielle Coppola, 2022. "The Role of Parenting, Dysregulation and Self-Esteem in Adolescents’ Problematic Social Network Site Use: A Test of Parallel and Serial Mediation Models in a Healthy Community Sample," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-14, October.
    7. Shevchenko, Victoria & Labouret, Ghislaine & Guez, Ava & Côté, Sylvana & Heude, Barbara & Peyre, Hugo & Ramus, Franck, 2023. "Relations between intelligence index score discrepancies and psychopathology symptoms in the EDEN mother-child birth cohort," Intelligence, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).

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