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Quantum logic with spin qubits crossing the surface code threshold

Author

Listed:
  • Xiao Xue

    (Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology)

  • Maximilian Russ

    (Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology)

  • Nodar Samkharadze

    (Delft University of Technology
    Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO))

  • Brennan Undseth

    (Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology)

  • Amir Sammak

    (Delft University of Technology
    Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO))

  • Giordano Scappucci

    (Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology)

  • Lieven M. K. Vandersypen

    (Delft University of Technology
    Delft University of Technology)

Abstract

High-fidelity control of quantum bits is paramount for the reliable execution of quantum algorithms and for achieving fault tolerance—the ability to correct errors faster than they occur1. The central requirement for fault tolerance is expressed in terms of an error threshold. Whereas the actual threshold depends on many details, a common target is the approximately 1% error threshold of the well-known surface code2,3. Reaching two-qubit gate fidelities above 99% has been a long-standing major goal for semiconductor spin qubits. These qubits are promising for scaling, as they can leverage advanced semiconductor technology4. Here we report a spin-based quantum processor in silicon with single-qubit and two-qubit gate fidelities, all of which are above 99.5%, extracted from gate-set tomography. The average single-qubit gate fidelities remain above 99% when including crosstalk and idling errors on the neighbouring qubit. Using this high-fidelity gate set, we execute the demanding task of calculating molecular ground-state energies using a variational quantum eigensolver algorithm5. Having surpassed the 99% barrier for the two-qubit gate fidelity, semiconductor qubits are well positioned on the path to fault tolerance and to possible applications in the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiao Xue & Maximilian Russ & Nodar Samkharadze & Brennan Undseth & Amir Sammak & Giordano Scappucci & Lieven M. K. Vandersypen, 2022. "Quantum logic with spin qubits crossing the surface code threshold," Nature, Nature, vol. 601(7893), pages 343-347, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:601:y:2022:i:7893:d:10.1038_s41586-021-04273-w
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04273-w
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Akito Noiri & Kenta Takeda & Takashi Nakajima & Takashi Kobayashi & Amir Sammak & Giordano Scappucci & Seigo Tarucha, 2022. "A shuttling-based two-qubit logic gate for linking distant silicon quantum processors," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-7, December.
    2. Brian Paquelet Wuetz & Merritt P. Losert & Sebastian Koelling & Lucas E. A. Stehouwer & Anne-Marije J. Zwerver & Stephan G. J. Philips & Mateusz T. Mądzik & Xiao Xue & Guoji Zheng & Mario Lodari & Ser, 2022. "Atomic fluctuations lifting the energy degeneracy in Si/SiGe quantum dots," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-8, December.
    3. Roman M. Wyss & Günter Kewes & Pietro Marabotti & Stefan M. Koepfli & Karl-Philipp Schlichting & Markus Parzefall & Eric Bonvin & Martin F. Sarott & Morgan Trassin & Maximilian Oezkent & Chen-Hsun Lu , 2024. "Bulk-suppressed and surface-sensitive Raman scattering by transferable plasmonic membranes with irregular slot-shaped nanopores," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Ran Xue & Max Beer & Inga Seidler & Simon Humpohl & Jhih-Sian Tu & Stefan Trellenkamp & Tom Struck & Hendrik Bluhm & Lars R. Schreiber, 2024. "Si/SiGe QuBus for single electron information-processing devices with memory and micron-scale connectivity function," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-7, December.
    5. Floor Riggelen-Doelman & Chien-An Wang & Sander L. Snoo & William I. L. Lawrie & Nico W. Hendrickx & Maximilian Rimbach-Russ & Amir Sammak & Giordano Scappucci & Corentin Déprez & Menno Veldhorst, 2024. "Coherent spin qubit shuttling through germanium quantum dots," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-9, December.
    6. Liang Xiang & Jiachen Chen & Zitian Zhu & Zixuan Song & Zehang Bao & Xuhao Zhu & Feitong Jin & Ke Wang & Shibo Xu & Yiren Zou & Hekang Li & Zhen Wang & Chao Song & Alexander Yue & Justine Partridge & , 2024. "Enhanced quantum state transfer by circumventing quantum chaotic behavior," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    7. Tom Struck & Mats Volmer & Lino Visser & Tobias Offermann & Ran Xue & Jhih-Sian Tu & Stefan Trellenkamp & Łukasz Cywiński & Hendrik Bluhm & Lars R. Schreiber, 2024. "Spin-EPR-pair separation by conveyor-mode single electron shuttling in Si/SiGe," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    8. Yeonghun Lee & Yaoqiao Hu & Xiuyao Lang & Dongwook Kim & Kejun Li & Yuan Ping & Kai-Mei C. Fu & Kyeongjae Cho, 2022. "Spin-defect qubits in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides operating at telecom wavelengths," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-10, December.
    9. Sitan Chen & Jordan Cotler & Hsin-Yuan Huang & Jerry Li, 2023. "The complexity of NISQ," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-6, December.
    10. Ingvild Hansen & Amanda E. Seedhouse & Santiago Serrano & Andreas Nickl & MengKe Feng & Jonathan Y. Huang & Tuomo Tanttu & Nard Dumoulin Stuyck & Wee Han Lim & Fay E. Hudson & Kohei M. Itoh & Andre Sa, 2024. "Entangling gates on degenerate spin qubits dressed by a global field," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-7, December.
    11. Matthias Künne & Alexander Willmes & Max Oberländer & Christian Gorjaew & Julian D. Teske & Harsh Bhardwaj & Max Beer & Eugen Kammerloher & René Otten & Inga Seidler & Ran Xue & Lars R. Schreiber & He, 2024. "The SpinBus architecture for scaling spin qubits with electron shuttling," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    12. L. Banszerus & K. Hecker & S. Möller & E. Icking & K. Watanabe & T. Taniguchi & C. Volk & C. Stampfer, 2022. "Spin relaxation in a single-electron graphene quantum dot," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-6, December.
    13. Brian Paquelet Wuetz & Davide Degli Esposti & Anne-Marije J. Zwerver & Sergey V. Amitonov & Marc Botifoll & Jordi Arbiol & Amir Sammak & Lieven M. K. Vandersypen & Maximilian Russ & Giordano Scappucci, 2023. "Reducing charge noise in quantum dots by using thin silicon quantum wells," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-9, December.

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