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Temporal interference stimulation disrupts spike timing in the primate brain

Author

Listed:
  • Pedro G. Vieira

    (McGill University)

  • Matthew R. Krause

    (McGill University)

  • Christopher C. Pack

    (McGill University)

Abstract

Electrical stimulation can regulate brain activity, producing clear clinical benefits, but focal and effective neuromodulation often requires surgically implanted electrodes. Recent studies argue that temporal interference (TI) stimulation may provide similar outcomes non-invasively. During TI, scalp electrodes generate multiple electrical fields in the brain, modulating neural activity only at their intersection. Despite considerable enthusiasm for this approach, little empirical evidence demonstrates its effectiveness, especially under conditions suitable for human use. Here, using single-neuron recordings in non-human primates, we establish that TI reliably alters the timing, but not the rate, of spiking activity. However, we show that TI requires strategies—high carrier frequencies, multiple electrodes, and amplitude-modulated waveforms—that also limit its effectiveness. Combined, these factors make TI 80 % weaker than other forms of non-invasive brain stimulation. Although unlikely to cause widespread neuronal entrainment, TI may be ideal for disrupting pathological oscillatory activity, a hallmark of many neurological disorders.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedro G. Vieira & Matthew R. Krause & Christopher C. Pack, 2024. "Temporal interference stimulation disrupts spike timing in the primate brain," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-48962-2
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48962-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anli Liu & Mihály Vöröslakos & Greg Kronberg & Simon Henin & Matthew R. Krause & Yu Huang & Alexander Opitz & Ashesh Mehta & Christopher C. Pack & Bart Krekelberg & Antal Berényi & Lucas C. Parra & Lu, 2018. "Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Nikos K. Logothetis & Jon Pauls & Mark Augath & Torsten Trinath & Axel Oeltermann, 2001. "Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal," Nature, Nature, vol. 412(6843), pages 150-157, July.
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