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Spontaneous Brain Activity in the Default Mode Network Is Sensitive to Different Resting-State Conditions with Limited Cognitive Load

Author

Listed:
  • Chaogan Yan
  • Dongqiang Liu
  • Yong He
  • Qihong Zou
  • Chaozhe Zhu
  • Xinian Zuo
  • Xiangyu Long
  • Yufeng Zang

Abstract

Background: Recent functional MRI (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that there is an intrinsically organized default mode network (DMN) in the resting brain, primarily made up of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Several previous studies have found that the DMN is minimally disturbed during different resting-state conditions with limited cognitive demand. However, this conclusion was drawn from the visual inspection of the functional connectivity patterns within the DMN and no statistical comparison was performed. Methodology/Principal Findings: Four resting-state fMRI sessions were acquired: 1) eyes-closed (EC) (used to generate the DMN mask); 2) EC; 3) eyes-open with no fixation (EO); and 4) eyes-open with a fixation (EO-F). The 2–4 sessions were counterbalanced across participants (n = 20, 10 males). We examined the statistical differences in both functional connectivity and regional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) within the DMN among the 2–4 resting-state conditions (i.e., EC, EO, and EO-F). Although the connectivity patterns of the DMN were visually similar across these three different conditions, we observed significantly higher functional connectivity and ALFF in both the EO and the EO-F conditions as compared to the EC condition. In addition, the first and second resting EC conditions showed significant differences within the DMN, suggesting an order effect on the DMN activity. Conclusions/Significance: Our findings of the higher DMN connectivity and regional spontaneous activities in the resting state with the eyes open suggest that the participants might have more non-specific or non-goal-directed visual information gathering and evaluation, and mind wandering or daydreaming during the resting state with the eyes open as compared to that with the eyes closed, thus providing insights into the understanding of unconstrained mental activity within the DMN. Our results also suggest that it should be cautious when choosing the type of a resting condition and designating the order of the resting condition in multiple scanning sessions in experimental design.

Suggested Citation

  • Chaogan Yan & Dongqiang Liu & Yong He & Qihong Zou & Chaozhe Zhu & Xinian Zuo & Xiangyu Long & Yufeng Zang, 2009. "Spontaneous Brain Activity in the Default Mode Network Is Sensitive to Different Resting-State Conditions with Limited Cognitive Load," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 4(5), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0005743
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005743
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    1. Xiaosha Wang & Zaizhu Han & Yong He & Li Liu & Yanchao Bi, 2012. "Resting-State Functional Connectivity Patterns Predict Chinese Word Reading Competency," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(9), pages 1-9, September.
    2. Xun-Heng Wang & Lihua Li & Tao Xu & Zhongxiang Ding, 2015. "Investigating the Temporal Patterns within and between Intrinsic Connectivity Networks under Eyes-Open and Eyes-Closed Resting States: A Dynamical Functional Connectivity Study Based on Phase Synchron," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-20, October.
    3. Deepak Nag Ayyala & Anindya Roy & Junyong Park & Rao P. Gullapalli, 2018. "Adjusting for Confounders in Cross-correlation Analysis: an Application to Resting State Networks," Sankhya B: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Springer;Indian Statistical Institute, vol. 80(1), pages 123-150, May.
    4. Daniele Mascali & Mauro DiNuzzo & Tommaso Gili & Marta Moraschi & Michela Fratini & Bruno Maraviglia & Laura Serra & Marco Bozzali & Federico Giove, 2015. "Intrinsic Patterns of Coupling between Correlation and Amplitude of Low-Frequency fMRI Fluctuations Are Disrupted in Degenerative Dementia Mainly due to Functional Disconnection," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(4), pages 1-18, April.

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