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Transcription factor binding sites are frequently under accelerated evolution in primates

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  • Xinru Zhang

    (Pennsylvania State University
    Pennsylvania State University
    Pennsylvania State University)

  • Bohao Fang

    (Harvard University)

  • Yi-Fei Huang

    (Pennsylvania State University
    Pennsylvania State University)

Abstract

Recent comparative genomic studies have identified many human accelerated elements (HARs) with elevated substitution rates in the human lineage. However, it remains unknown to what extent transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) are under accelerated evolution in humans and other primates. Here, we introduce two pooling-based phylogenetic methods with dramatically enhanced sensitivity to examine accelerated evolution in TFBSs. Using these new methods, we show that more than 6000 TFBSs annotated in the human genome have experienced accelerated evolution in Hominini, apes, and Old World monkeys. Although these TFBSs individually show relatively weak signals of accelerated evolution, they collectively are more abundant than HARs. Also, we show that accelerated evolution in Pol III binding sites may be driven by lineage-specific positive selection, whereas accelerated evolution in other TFBSs might be driven by nonadaptive evolutionary forces. Finally, the accelerated TFBSs are enriched around developmental genes, suggesting that accelerated evolution in TFBSs may drive the divergence of developmental processes between primates.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinru Zhang & Bohao Fang & Yi-Fei Huang, 2023. "Transcription factor binding sites are frequently under accelerated evolution in primates," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36421-3
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36421-3
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