IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/ecopln/v55y2022i3d10.1007_s10644-021-09374-0.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Presidential approval in Peru: an empirical analysis using a fractionally cointegrated VAR

Author

Listed:
  • Alexander Boca Saravia

    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
    Central Reserve Bank of Peru)

  • Gabriel Rodríguez

    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú)

Abstract

Presidential approval in Peru depends on economic outcomes. However, voters are unable to distinguish between outcomes resulting from economic policies and those caused by exogenous external factors. Estimation results from seven Fractional Cointegrated VAR (FCVAR) models suggest that presidential approval increases with the monetary policy interest rate, the terms of trade, and manufacturing employment; and decreases with the nominal PEN/USD exchange rate and inflation volatility. Additionally, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) conducted over a large set of macroeconomic indicators points to a greater influence of external over domestic factors in explaining presidential approval; i.e., economic outcomes that determine the dynamics of presidential approval are not under presidential control in Peru. It can be argued that these findings identify a significant source of political instability and a considerable challenge to democratic governance. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first application of fractional cointegration analysis to political economy in Latin America.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexander Boca Saravia & Gabriel Rodríguez, 2022. "Presidential approval in Peru: an empirical analysis using a fractionally cointegrated VAR," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 1973-2010, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:ecopln:v:55:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s10644-021-09374-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s10644-021-09374-0
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10644-021-09374-0
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10644-021-09374-0?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Søren Johansen & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, 2012. "Likelihood Inference for a Fractionally Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Model," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 80(6), pages 2667-2732, November.
    2. John Geweke & Susan Porter‐Hudak, 1983. "The Estimation And Application Of Long Memory Time Series Models," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 4(4), pages 221-238, July.
    3. Maggie E. C. Jones & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Michał Ksawery Popiel, 2014. "A fractionally cointegrated VAR analysis of economic voting and political support," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 47(4), pages 1078-1130, November.
    4. Oscar Dancourt, 2017. "The lean times in the Peruvian economy," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(1), pages 112-129, January.
    5. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. & Smith, Renée M., 1996. "The Dynamics of Aggregate Partisanship," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 90(3), pages 567-580, September.
    6. Robinson, Peter M. & Yajima, Yoshihiro, 2002. "Determination of cointegrating rank in fractional systems," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 106(2), pages 217-241, February.
    7. Fair, Ray C, 1978. "The Effect of Economic Events on Votes for President," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 60(2), pages 159-173, May.
    8. James Davidson, 2005. "Testing for Fractional Cointegration: The Relationship between Government Popularity and Economic Performance in the UK," Springer Books, in: Claude Diebolt & Catherine Kyrtsou (ed.), New Trends in Macroeconomics, pages 147-171, Springer.
    9. Granger, C. W. J., 1980. "Long memory relationships and the aggregation of dynamic models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 227-238, October.
    10. Michael Dueker & Richard Startz, 1998. "Maximum-Likelihood Estimation Of Fractional Cointegration With An Application To U.S. And Canadian Bond Rates," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(3), pages 420-426, August.
    11. Johansen, Søren & Nielsen, Morten Ørregaard, 2010. "Likelihood inference for a nonstationary fractional autoregressive model," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 158(1), pages 51-66, September.
    12. Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Sergei S. Shibaev, 2018. "Forecasting daily political opinion polls using the fractionally cointegrated vector auto‐regressive model," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 181(1), pages 3-33, January.
    13. Katsumi Shimotsu, 2006. "Simple (but Effective) Tests Of Long Memory Versus Structural Breaks," Working Paper 1101, Economics Department, Queen's University.
    14. Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Per Frederiksen, 2011. "Fully modified narrow‐band least squares estimation of weak fractional cointegration," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 14(1), pages 77-120, February.
    15. Marie Busch & Philipp Sibbertsen, 2018. "An Overview of Modified Semiparametric Memory Estimation Methods," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-21, March.
    16. Tkacz Greg, 2001. "Estimating the Fractional Order of Integration of Interest Rates Using a Wavelet OLS Estimator," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 5(1), pages 1-15, April.
    17. Ruth Judson & Athanasios Orphanides, 1999. "Inflation, Volatility and Growth," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 2(1), pages 117-138, April.
    18. Sepideh Dolatabadi & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Ke Xu, 2015. "A Fractionally Cointegrated VAR Analysis of Price Discovery in Commodity Futures Markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(4), pages 339-356, April.
    19. Andreas Noack Jensen & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, 2014. "A Fast Fractional Difference Algorithm," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(5), pages 428-436, August.
    20. Crato, Nuno & Rothman, Philip, 1994. "Fractional integration analysis of long-run behavior for US macroeconomic time series," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 287-291.
    21. Kenneth Rogoff & Anne Sibert, 1988. "Elections and Macroeconomic Policy Cycles," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 55(1), pages 1-16.
    22. Kruse, Robinson, 2015. "A modified test against spurious long memory," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 34-38.
    23. Perron, Pierre & Qu, Zhongjun, 2010. "Long-Memory and Level Shifts in the Volatility of Stock Market Return Indices," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 28(2), pages 275-290.
    24. Qu, Zhongjun, 2011. "A Test Against Spurious Long Memory," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 29(3), pages 423-438.
    25. Anthony Downs, 1957. "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 65(2), pages 135-135.
    26. Juan J. Dolado & Jesus Gonzalo & Laura Mayoral, 2002. "A Fractional Dickey-Fuller Test for Unit Roots," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(5), pages 1963-2006, September.
    27. Gabriel Rodríguez & Pierina Villanueva Vega & Paul Castillo Bardalez, 2018. "Driving economic fluctuations in Peru: the role of the terms of trade," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 1089-1119, November.
    28. John Ferejohn, 1986. "Incumbent performance and electoral control," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 50(1), pages 5-25, January.
    29. David Byers & James Davidson & David Peel, 1997. "Modelling Political Popularity: an Analysis of Long‐range Dependence in Opinion Poll Series," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 160(3), pages 471-490, September.
    30. O. Mikhail & C. J. Eberwein & J. Handa, 2006. "Estimating persistence in Canadian unemployment: evidence from a Bayesian ARFIMA," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(15), pages 1809-1819.
    31. Dolatabadi, Sepideh & Nielsen, Morten Ørregaard & Xu, Ke, 2016. "A fractionally cointegrated VAR model with deterministic trends and application to commodity futures markets," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(PB), pages 623-639.
    32. Morten Ø. Nielsen & Lealand Morin, 2014. "Fcvarmodel.m: A Matlab Software Package For Estimation And Testing In The Fractionally Cointegrated Var Model," Working Paper 1273, Economics Department, Queen's University.
    33. repec:gig:joupla:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:31-51 is not listed on IDEAS
    34. Laura Mayoral & Juan J. Dolado & Jesús Gonzalo, 2003. "Long-range dependence in Spanish political opinion poll series," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(2), pages 137-155.
    35. Roberts, Kenneth M. & Wibbels, Erik, 1999. "Party Systems and Electoral Volatility in Latin America: A Test of Economic, Institutional, and Structural Explanations," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 93(3), pages 575-590, September.
    36. Mccloskey, Adam & Perron, Pierre, 2013. "Memory Parameter Estimation In The Presence Of Level Shifts And Deterministic Trends," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 29(6), pages 1196-1237, December.
    37. Johansen, Soren, 1995. "Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198774501.
    38. Morten Ø. Nielsen & Michal Ksawery Popiel, 2018. "A Matlab Program And User's Guide For The Fractionally Cointegrated Var Model," Working Paper 1330, Economics Department, Queen's University.
    39. Duch,Raymond M. & Stevenson,Randolph T., 2008. "The Economic Vote," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521707404, October.
    40. Kayser, Mark Andreas & Peress, Michael, 2012. "Benchmarking across Borders: Electoral Accountability and the Necessity of Comparison," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 106(3), pages 661-684, August.
    41. Bollerslev, Tim, 1986. "Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 307-327, April.
    42. Robert Barro, 1973. "The control of politicians: An economic model," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 19-42, March.
    43. Chappell, Henry W. & Keech, William R., 1985. "A New View of Political Accountability for Economic Performance," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 79(1), pages 10-27, March.
    44. Shimotsu, Katsumi, 2010. "Exact Local Whittle Estimation Of Fractional Integration With Unknown Mean And Time Trend," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(2), pages 501-540, April.
    45. Ohanissian, Arek & Russell, Jeffrey R. & Tsay, Ruey S., 2008. "True or Spurious Long Memory? A New Test," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 26, pages 161-175, April.
    46. Serena Ng & Pierre Perron, 2001. "LAG Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 69(6), pages 1519-1554, November.
    47. Johansen, Søren & Nielsen, Morten Ørregaard, 2016. "The Role Of Initial Values In Conditional Sum-Of-Squares Estimation Of Nonstationary Fractional Time Series Models," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 32(5), pages 1095-1139, October.
    48. Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Michał Ksawery Popiel, 2018. "A Matlab program and user's guide for the fractionally cointegrated VAR model," Working Papers 1330, Queen's University, Department of Economics.
    49. Søren Johansen & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, 2012. "The role of initial values in nonstationary fractional time series models," CREATES Research Papers 2012-47, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    50. repec:bla:intfin:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:117-38 is not listed on IDEAS
    51. David Byers & James Davidson & David Peel, 2007. "The long memory model of political support: some further results," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(20), pages 2547-2552.
    52. Duch,Raymond M. & Stevenson,Randolph T., 2008. "The Economic Vote," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521881029, October.
    53. Johansen, SØren, 2008. "A Representation Theory For A Class Of Vector Autoregressive Models For Fractional Processes," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 24(3), pages 651-676, June.
    54. Cukierman, Alex & Meltzer, Allan H, 1989. "A Political Theory of Government Debt and Deficits in a Neo-Ricardian Framework," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 79(4), pages 713-732, September.
    55. Davidson James E. H. & Peel David A & Byers J. David, 2006. "Support for Governments and Leaders: Fractional Cointegration Analysis of Poll Evidence from the UK, 1960-2004," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 1-23, March.
    56. Johansen, Soren, 1991. "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(6), pages 1551-1580, November.
    57. James G. MacKinnon & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, 2014. "Numerical Distribution Functions Of Fractional Unit Root And Cointegration Tests," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 161-171, January.
    58. Hualde, J. & Robinson, P.M., 2010. "Semiparametric inference in multivariate fractionally cointegrated systems," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 157(2), pages 492-511, August.
    59. Johansen, Soren, 1988. "Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 12(2-3), pages 231-254.
    60. Juselius, Katarina, 2006. "The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199285679.
    61. Daniel Treisman, 2011. "Presidential Popularity in a Hybrid Regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(3), pages 590-609, July.
    62. John Duggan & César Martinelli, 2017. "The Political Economy of Dynamic Elections: Accountability, Commitment, and Responsiveness," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 55(3), pages 916-984, September.
    63. Hou, Jie & Perron, Pierre, 2014. "Modified local Whittle estimator for long memory processes in the presence of low frequency (and other) contaminations," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(2), pages 309-328.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Javier Hualde & Morten {O}rregaard Nielsen, 2022. "Fractional integration and cointegration," Papers 2211.10235, arXiv.org.
    2. Maggie E. C. Jones & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Michał Ksawery Popiel, 2014. "A fractionally cointegrated VAR analysis of economic voting and political support," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 47(4), pages 1078-1130, November.
    3. Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Sergei S. Shibaev, 2015. "Forecasting daily political opinion polls using the fractionally cointegrated VAR model," Working Paper 1340, Economics Department, Queen's University.
    4. Federico Carlini & Paolo Santucci de Magistris, 2019. "Resuscitating the co-fractional model of Granger (1986)," Discussion Papers 19/01, University of Nottingham, Granger Centre for Time Series Econometrics.
    5. Federico Carlini & Paolo Santucci de Magistris, 2019. "Resuscitating the co-fractional model of Granger (1986)," CREATES Research Papers 2019-02, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    6. Yaya, OlaOluwa S & Gil-Alana, Luis A., 2018. "High and Low Intraday Commodity Prices: A Fractional Integration and Cointegration Approach," MPRA Paper 90518, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Sepideh Dolatabadi & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Ke Xu, 2015. "A Fractionally Cointegrated VAR Analysis of Price Discovery in Commodity Futures Markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(4), pages 339-356, April.
    8. Bravo Caro, José Manuel & Golpe, Antonio A. & Iglesias, Jesús & Vides, José Carlos, 2020. "A new way of measuring the WTI – Brent spread. Globalization, shock persistence and common trends," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    9. Quineche Ricardo, 2021. "Consumption, Aggregate Wealth and Expected Stock Returns: An FCVAR Approach," Journal of Time Series Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 13(1), pages 21-42, January.
    10. Sibbertsen, Philipp & Leschinski, Christian & Busch, Marie, 2018. "A multivariate test against spurious long memory," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 203(1), pages 33-49.
    11. Alia Afzal & Philipp Sibbertsen, 2021. "Modeling fractional cointegration between high and low stock prices in Asian countries," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 661-682, February.
    12. Søren Johansen & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, 2018. "Testing the CVAR in the Fractional CVAR Model," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(6), pages 836-849, November.
    13. Nikolaos Stoupos & Apostolos Kiohos, 2022. "Euro Area: Towards a European Common Bond? – Empirical Evidence from the Sovereign Debt Markets," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(4), pages 1019-1046, July.
    14. Morten Ø. Nielsen & Michal Ksawery Popiel, 2018. "A Matlab Program And User's Guide For The Fractionally Cointegrated Var Model," Working Paper 1330, Economics Department, Queen's University.
    15. Christensen, Bent Jesper & Varneskov, Rasmus Tangsgaard, 2017. "Medium band least squares estimation of fractional cointegration in the presence of low-frequency contamination," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 197(2), pages 218-244.
    16. Monge, Manuel & Poza, Carlos & Borgia, Sofía, 2022. "A proposal of a suspicion of tax fraud indicator based on Google trends to foresee Spanish tax revenues," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1-12.
    17. Sepideh Dolatabadi & Paresh Kumar Narayan & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Ke Xu, 2018. "Economic significance of commodity return forecasts from the fractionally cointegrated VAR model," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(2), pages 219-242, February.
    18. Vides, José Carlos & Golpe, Antonio A. & Iglesias, Jesús, 2020. "The EHTS and the persistence in the spread reconsidered. A fractional cointegration approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 124-137.
    19. Leandro Maciel, 2020. "Technical analysis based on high and low stock prices forecasts: evidence for Brazil using a fractionally cointegrated VAR model," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 58(4), pages 1513-1540, April.
    20. Andersen, Torben G. & Varneskov, Rasmus T., 2021. "Consistent inference for predictive regressions in persistent economic systems," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 224(1), pages 215-244.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Economic voting; Fractional cointegration; Political economy; Macroeconomics; Latin America; Peru;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • D72 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:ecopln:v:55:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s10644-021-09374-0. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.