IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i12p9317-d1167190.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys

Author

Listed:
  • Minkang Liu

    (Natural Resources Canada, CanmetMATERIALS, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A5, Canada)

  • Yimin Zeng

    (Natural Resources Canada, CanmetMATERIALS, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A5, Canada)

Abstract

Despite intensive efforts to develop hydrothermal liquefaction for the conversion of wet biomass and biowaste feedstocks into valuable bio-oils, severe corrosion of conversion reactor alloys and other core components, induced by the pressurized hot water medium, catalysts, and inorganic and organic corrodants generated during the conversion process, has significantly hindered the industrial deployment of this attractive technology. In this paper, a general review of major operating parameters, including biomass feedstock types, temperature, pressure, and catalysts, was conducted to advance the understanding of their roles in conversion efficiency and the yield and properties of produced oils. Additionally, the corrosion performance of a representative constructional alloy (Alloy 33) was investigated in both non-catalytic and catalytic HTL environments at temperatures of 310 °C and 365 °C, respectively. The alloy experienced general oxidation in the non-catalytic HTL environment but suffered accelerated corrosion (up to 4.2 µm/year) with the addition of 0.5 M K 2 CO 3 catalyst. The corrosion rate of the alloy noticeably increased with temperature and the presence of inorganic corrodants (S 2− and Cl − ) released from biowastes. SEM/XRD characterization showed that a thin and compact Cr-rich oxide layer grew on the alloy in the non-catalytic HTL environment, while the surface scale became a double-layer structure, composed of outer porous Fe/Cr/Ni oxides and inner Cr-rich oxide, with the introduction of the K 2 CO 3 catalyst. From the corrosion perspective, the alloy is a suitable candidate for construction in the next phase of pilot-scale validation assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Minkang Liu & Yimin Zeng, 2023. "Key Processing Factors in Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Their Impacts on Corrosion of Reactor Alloys," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-18, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:12:p:9317-:d:1167190
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/12/9317/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/12/9317/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Huang, Hua-jun & Yuan, Xing-zhong & Zhu, Hui-na & Li, Hui & Liu, Yan & Wang, Xue-li & Zeng, Guang-ming, 2013. "Comparative studies of thermochemical liquefaction characteristics of microalgae, lignocellulosic biomass and sewage sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 52-60.
    2. Daniele Castello & Thomas Helmer Pedersen & Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, 2018. "Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-35, November.
    3. Zhu, Zhe & Rosendahl, Lasse & Toor, Saqib Sohail & Yu, Donghong & Chen, Guanyi, 2015. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw to bio-crude oil: Effects of reaction temperature and aqueous phase recirculation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 183-192.
    4. Sun, Peiqin & Heng, Mingxing & Sun, Shaohui & Chen, Junwu, 2010. "Direct liquefaction of paulownia in hot compressed water: Influence of catalysts," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 5421-5429.
    5. Akhtar, Javaid & Kuang, Soo Kim & Amin, NorAishah Saidina, 2010. "Liquefaction of empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB) in alkaline hot compressed water," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1220-1227.
    6. Qu, Yixin & Wei, Xiaomin & Zhong, Chongli, 2003. "Experimental study on the direct liquefaction of Cunninghamia lanceolata in water," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(7), pages 597-606.
    7. Shuping, Zou & Yulong, Wu & Mingde, Yang & Kaleem, Imdad & Chun, Li & Tong, Junmao, 2010. "Production and characterization of bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta cake," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 5406-5411.
    8. Xu, Donghai & Guo, Shuwei & Liu, Liang & Lin, Guike & Wu, Zhiqiang & Guo, Yang & Wang, Shuzhong, 2019. "Heterogeneous catalytic effects on the characteristics of water-soluble and water-insoluble biocrudes in chlorella hydrothermal liquefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C), pages 165-174.
    9. Alex R. Maag & Alex D. Paulsen & Ted J. Amundsen & Paul E. Yelvington & Geoffrey A. Tompsett & Michael T. Timko, 2018. "Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste Using CeZrO x," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-14, March.
    10. Wu, Yujian & Wang, Haoyu & Li, Haoyang & Han, Xue & Zhang, Mingyuan & Sun, Yan & Fan, Xudong & Tu, Ren & Zeng, Yimin & Xu, Chunbao Charles & Xu, Xiwei, 2022. "Applications of catalysts in thermochemical conversion of biomass (pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification): A critical review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 462-481.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Khalekuzzaman, Md & Jahan, Nusrat & Bin Kabir, Sadib & Hasan, Mehedi, 2024. "An integrated energy recovery approach of biohythane-biocrude production from microalgae-sludge through co-digestion and co-liquefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ankit Mathanker & Snehlata Das & Deepak Pudasainee & Monir Khan & Amit Kumar & Rajender Gupta, 2021. "A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass for Biofuels Production with a Special Focus on the Effect of Process Parameters, Co-Solvents, and Extraction Solvents," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-60, August.
    2. Déniel, Maxime & Haarlemmer, Geert & Roubaud, Anne & Weiss-Hortala, Elsa & Fages, Jacques, 2016. "Energy valorisation of food processing residues and model compounds by hydrothermal liquefaction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1632-1652.
    3. Zhu, Zhe & Toor, Saqib Sohail & Rosendahl, Lasse & Yu, Donghong & Chen, Guanyi, 2015. "Influence of alkali catalyst on product yield and properties via hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 284-292.
    4. Dimitriadis, Athanasios & Bezergianni, Stella, 2017. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of various biomass and waste feedstocks for biocrude production: A state of the art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 113-125.
    5. Brand, Steffen & Hardi, Flabianus & Kim, Jaehoon & Suh, Dong Jin, 2014. "Effect of heating rate on biomass liquefaction: Differences between subcritical water and supercritical ethanol," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 420-427.
    6. Tahir H. Seehar & Saqib S. Toor & Ayaz A. Shah & Thomas H. Pedersen & Lasse A. Rosendahl, 2020. "Biocrude Production from Wheat Straw at Sub and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
    7. Taghipour, Alireza & Ramirez, Jerome A. & Brown, Richard J. & Rainey, Thomas J., 2019. "A review of fractional distillation to improve hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude characteristics; future outlook and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    8. Chen, Haitao & He, Zhixia & Zhang, Bo & Feng, Huan & Kandasamy, Sabariswaran & Wang, Bin, 2019. "Effects of the aqueous phase recycling on bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina Platensis, α-cellulose, and lignin," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1103-1113.
    9. Yang, Jie & (Sophia) He, Quan & Yang, Linxi, 2019. "A review on hydrothermal co-liquefaction of biomass," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 926-945.
    10. Isa, Khairuddin Md & Abdullah, Tuan Amran Tuan & Ali, Umi Fazara Md, 2018. "Hydrogen donor solvents in liquefaction of biomass: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1259-1268.
    11. Bi, Zheting & Zhang, Ji & Zhu, Zeying & Liang, Yanna & Wiltowski, Tomasz, 2018. "Generating biocrude from partially defatted Cryptococcus curvatus yeast residues through catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 435-444.
    12. Yuan, Chuan & Wang, Shuang & Cao, Bin & Hu, Yamin & Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah & Wang, Qian & Qian, Lili & Liu, Lu & Liu, Xinlin & He, Zhixia & Sun, Chaoqun & Feng, Yongqiang & Zhang, Bo, 2019. "Optimization of hydrothermal co-liquefaction of seaweeds with lignocellulosic biomass: Merging 2nd and 3rd generation feedstocks for enhanced bio-oil production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 413-422.
    13. Wang, Haoyu & Han, Xue & Zeng, Yimin & Xu, Chunbao Charles, 2023. "Development of a global kinetic model based on chemical compositions of lignocellulosic biomass for predicting product yields from hydrothermal liquefaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    14. Ratha, Sachitra Kumar & Renuka, Nirmal & Abunama, Taher & Rawat, Ismail & Bux, Faizal, 2022. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of algal feedstocks: The effect of biomass characteristics and extraction solvents," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    15. Wu, Yujian & Wang, Haoyu & Li, Haoyang & Han, Xue & Zhang, Mingyuan & Sun, Yan & Fan, Xudong & Tu, Ren & Zeng, Yimin & Xu, Chunbao Charles & Xu, Xiwei, 2022. "Applications of catalysts in thermochemical conversion of biomass (pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification): A critical review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 462-481.
    16. Ayaz A. Shah & Saqib S. Toor & Tahir H. Seehar & Rasmus S. Nielsen & Asbjørn H. Nielsen & Thomas H. Pedersen & Lasse A. Rosendahl, 2020. "Bio-Crude Production through Aqueous Phase Recycling of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-18, January.
    17. Mumtaz, Hamza & Sobek, Szymon & Sajdak, Marcin & Muzyka, Roksana & Werle, Sebastian, 2023. "An experimental investigation and process optimization of the oxidative liquefaction process as the recycling method of the end-of-life wind turbine blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 269-278.
    18. Shahbeik, Hossein & Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Hamed & Dehhaghi, Mona & Guillemin, Gilles J. & Fallahi, Alireza & Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Homa & Amiri, Hamid & Rehan, Mohammad & Raikwar, Deepak & Latine, , 2024. "Biomass to biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    19. Akhtar, Javaid & Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina, 2011. "A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 1615-1624, April.
    20. Kumar, R. & Strezov, V., 2021. "Thermochemical production of bio-oil: A review of downstream processing technologies for bio-oil upgrading, production of hydrogen and high value-added products," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:12:p:9317-:d:1167190. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.