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Hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw to bio-crude oil: Effects of reaction temperature and aqueous phase recirculation

Author

Listed:
  • Zhu, Zhe
  • Rosendahl, Lasse
  • Toor, Saqib Sohail
  • Yu, Donghong
  • Chen, Guanyi

Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of barley straw with K2CO3 at different temperatures (280–400°C) was conducted and compared to optimize its process conditions; the aqueous phase as a co-product from this process was recycled to explore the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse for bio-crude oil production. Results showed that low temperature favored the formation of bio-crude oil, with a maximum yield of 34.9wt% at 300°C. Contrarily, at high temperature, the bio-crude oil had better qualities in terms of less oxygen content and higher heating values (HHVs). The compounds identified in bio-crude oil were mainly phenolics, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and alcohols, among which the relative contents of phenolics and carboxylic acids decreased with increasing temperature. In the recirculation studies, bio-crude yield was enhanced gradually with aqueous phase addition at 300°C, and reached 38.4wt% after three cycles. The HHVs of bio-crude oil from HTL with aqueous phase were 28.4–29.4MJ/kg, slightly higher than those from HTL with fresh water. While no obvious differences in elemental distribution can be found after aqueous phase recirculation. In conclusion, this study gives a detailed insight into the HTL behavior of barley straw, and offers potential opportunities and benefits for bio-crude oil production through the reuse of aqueous phase.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhu, Zhe & Rosendahl, Lasse & Toor, Saqib Sohail & Yu, Donghong & Chen, Guanyi, 2015. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw to bio-crude oil: Effects of reaction temperature and aqueous phase recirculation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 183-192.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:137:y:2015:i:c:p:183-192
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.005
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