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Appraisal of Heavy Metals Accumulation, Physiological Response, and Human Health Risks of Five Crop Species Grown at Various Distances from Traffic Highway

Author

Listed:
  • Shakeel Ahmad

    (Laboratory of Molecular Stress Physiology and Phytotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan)

  • Fazal Hadi

    (Laboratory of Molecular Stress Physiology and Phytotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan)

  • Amin Ullah Jan

    (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (upper) 18000, Pakistan)

  • Raza Ullah

    (Laboratory of Molecular Stress Physiology and Phytotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
    Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Science, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA)

  • Bedur Faleh A. Albalawi

    (Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia)

  • Allah Ditta

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (upper) 18000, Pakistan
    School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia)

Abstract

Road surfaces and vehicular traffic contribute to heavy metals (HM) contamination of soil and plants, which poses various health risks to humans by entering the food chain. It is imperative to evaluate the status of contamination with HM and associated health risks in soils and plants, especially food crops. In this regard, five crop species, i.e., strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum ), and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), were evaluated at 0–10, 10–50, and 50–100 m distance from the highway near the urban area (Takht Bhai) of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation, phenolics, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and proline contents in plant parts were assessed. Pb and Cd in plants decreased with an increase in distance. Pb was above the critical limit in all plants except wheat, Cd exceeded the permissible level of the World Health Organization in all plants except wheat and tomato. Pb and Cd were higher in strawberries. Tomato and strawberry fruits, tobacco leaves, and sugarcane stems showed higher Pb contents at a 0–10 m distance. Phenolic contents in leaves were higher than in roots. The target hazard quotient (THQ) in edible parts of most crops has been greater than one, which presents a threat to human health upon consumption. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first holistic approach to assess metal contamination in the selected area, its accumulation in field-grown edible crops, and associated health risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Shakeel Ahmad & Fazal Hadi & Amin Ullah Jan & Raza Ullah & Bedur Faleh A. Albalawi & Allah Ditta, 2022. "Appraisal of Heavy Metals Accumulation, Physiological Response, and Human Health Risks of Five Crop Species Grown at Various Distances from Traffic Highway," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:23:p:16263-:d:994734
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mahrous Awad & Mahmuod M. El-Sayed & Xiang Li & Zhongzhen Liu & Syed Khalid Mustafa & Allah Ditta & Kamel Hessini, 2021. "Diminishing Heavy Metal Hazards of Contaminated Soil via Biochar Supplementation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-14, November.
    2. Muhammad Sabir & Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė & Allah Ditta & Hussain Ullah & Aatika Kanwal & Sajid Ullah & Turki Kh. Faraj, 2022. "Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Soil–Plant System from an Open Dumpsite and the Associated Health Risks through Multiple Routes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
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    4. Rongkui Su & Qiqi Ou & Hanqing Wang & Yiting Luo & Xiangrong Dai & Yangyang Wang & Yonghua Chen & Lei Shi, 2022. "Comparison of Phytoremediation Potential of Nerium indicum with Inorganic Modifier Calcium Carbonate and Organic Modifier Mushroom Residue to Lead–Zinc Tailings," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-15, August.
    5. Rizwan Ahmad & Fazal Hadi & Amin Ullah Jan & Allah Ditta, 2022. "Straw Incorporation in Contaminated Soil Enhances Drought Tolerance but Simultaneously Increases the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Rice," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-16, August.
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