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The Land Snail, Eobania vermiculata , as a Bioindicator of the Heavy Metal Pollution in the Urban Areas of Sulaimani, Iraq

Author

Listed:
  • Aso H. Saeed H. Salih

    (Community Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq)

  • Abdullah A. Hama

    (Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq
    Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq)

  • Karzan A. M. Hawrami

    (Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied science in Halabja/Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq)

  • Allah Ditta

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Upper Dir 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
    School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia)

Abstract

Land snails are crucial consumers in the terrestrial environment and beneficial significant bioindicators to evaluate the chemical impact in the ecosystem, especially on urban lands. The present study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals such as As, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in urban soil and study whether Eobania vermiculata acts as a bioindicator for heavy metal contamination in an urban area. Thirty soil and snail samples in triplicate from each sampling site were taken from the urban areas of Suliamani. After a microwave-assisted digestion procedure, every sample was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of chromium (Cr) in each snail sample was significantly high. The maximum Cr concentration (15.87 mg kg −1 ) was recorded in the snail sample collected from Ali Kamal Park, which was adjacent to a very crowded traffic road. The As concentration in snail samples ranged from 0.08 to 1.004 mg kg −1 , and it was below the permissible limits. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in urban soil locations were below their background measurements, except for nickel (Ni) which was above the permissible limits. The safest site in the study area was Chaviland 1, while the most contaminated site was the Ha-wary Shar Park. The snails bioaccumulated metals in their tissues in the following order, Cr > Zn > Ni, and this bioaccumulation occurred more on the main road locations, which represented potentially contaminated places due to anthropogenic activities. Moreover, there was no correlation among the heavy metals within the soil samples when compared to the similar metals in the snail samples, due to the low concentration of heavy metals in soil, excluding Ni, from where the snail samples were collected. Consequently, the land snail, E. vermiculata , is an appropriate sentinel organism for some metals, mainly for Cr, and the bioindicator monitoring with this snail should be extended to mixtures of heavy metals, since such relationships frequently occur in soil.

Suggested Citation

  • Aso H. Saeed H. Salih & Abdullah A. Hama & Karzan A. M. Hawrami & Allah Ditta, 2021. "The Land Snail, Eobania vermiculata , as a Bioindicator of the Heavy Metal Pollution in the Urban Areas of Sulaimani, Iraq," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:24:p:13719-:d:700773
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mahrous Awad & Mahmuod M. El-Sayed & Xiang Li & Zhongzhen Liu & Syed Khalid Mustafa & Allah Ditta & Kamel Hessini, 2021. "Diminishing Heavy Metal Hazards of Contaminated Soil via Biochar Supplementation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-14, November.
    2. Sajid Mehmood & Xiukang Wang & Waqas Ahmed & Muhammad Imtiaz & Allah Ditta & Muhammad Rizwan & Sana Irshad & Saqib Bashir & Qudsia Saeed & Adnan Mustafa & Weidong Li, 2021. "Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, May.
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