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Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Soil–Plant System from an Open Dumpsite and the Associated Health Risks through Multiple Routes

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Sabir

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan)

  • Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė

    (Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania)

  • Allah Ditta

    (School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
    Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan)

  • Hussain Ullah

    (Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan)

  • Aatika Kanwal

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan)

  • Sajid Ullah

    (School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China)

  • Turki Kh. Faraj

    (Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Screening various plant species to act as hyperaccumulators and associated health risks could serve as a sustainable solution for the bioremediation heavy metals (HMs). For the first time, the present study explored the phytoremediation potential of native plants, soil enrichment, and human health risks associated with the contamination of HMs in soil and plant samples collected from a municipal solid-waste open dump site. Soil and plant samples ( n = 18 + 18) from the dumpsite and ( n = 18) from the control site were analyzed for selected HMs, i.e., Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn). The phytoremediation potential of plants was assessed using the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC), and translocation factor (TF), while soil pollution levels were evaluated using the contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and human health risk indices. The results revealed that based on TF and BAC values, Alhagi maurorum Medic., Astragalus creticus Lam., Cichorium intybus L., Berberis lycium Royle, and Datura stramonium L. were hyperaccumulators for Cr while Parthenium hysterophorus L. was a promising species for both Ni and Cr. Similarly, CF values for Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cr were >6, thereby showing very high contamination, while Igeo values for Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cr were (class 6, >5), showing that the soil was extremely polluted. Furthermore, EF values for Fe, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Zn were 2 < EF ≤ 5, depicting moderate enrichment, while PERI values were in the range of 91.31–195.84, employing moderate ecological risks (95 < PERI < 190) from the dumpsite’s soil. Moreover, for non-carcinogenic exposure, none of the analyzed metals exceeded the threshold limit HRI values > 1 in both adults and children. Likewise, in the case of carcinogenic effects, the CRI values were lower than the tolerable limits (1 × 10 −6 –1 × 10 −4 ) in both adults and children. Moreover, almost all studied plants could be utilized for the phytoextraction of mentioned HMs. In future, the present study can help in the implementation of public policies to ensure sustainability and developmental activities in contaminated sites. Based on these results, it is concluded that there is a dire need of monitoring solid waste dumpsites due to various types of potential risks associated with the contamination of HMs. Moreover, to minimize the potential health problems arising from the dumpsite, it is substantive that special attention should be paid to work on sustainable and eco-friendly remedial measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Sabir & Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė & Allah Ditta & Hussain Ullah & Aatika Kanwal & Sajid Ullah & Turki Kh. Faraj, 2022. "Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Soil–Plant System from an Open Dumpsite and the Associated Health Risks through Multiple Routes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:20:p:13223-:d:942555
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. María José Delgado-Iniesta & Pura Marín-Sanleandro & Elvira Díaz-Pereira & Francisco Bautista & Miriam Romero-Muñoz & Antonio Sánchez-Navarro, 2022. "Estimation of Ecological and Human Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Madrid City (Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-16, April.
    2. Muhammad Naveed & Syeda Sosan Bukhari & Adnan Mustafa & Allah Ditta & Saud Alamri & Mohamed A. El-Esawi & Munazza Rafique & Sobia Ashraf & Manzer H. Siddiqui, 2020. "Mitigation of Nickel Toxicity and Growth Promotion in Sesame through the Application of a Bacterial Endophyte and Zeolite in Nickel Contaminated Soil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-23, November.
    3. Mahrous Awad & Mahmuod M. El-Sayed & Xiang Li & Zhongzhen Liu & Syed Khalid Mustafa & Allah Ditta & Kamel Hessini, 2021. "Diminishing Heavy Metal Hazards of Contaminated Soil via Biochar Supplementation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-14, November.
    4. Sajid Mehmood & Xiukang Wang & Waqas Ahmed & Muhammad Imtiaz & Allah Ditta & Muhammad Rizwan & Sana Irshad & Saqib Bashir & Qudsia Saeed & Adnan Mustafa & Weidong Li, 2021. "Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, May.
    5. Urooj Kanwal & Muhammad Ibrahim & Farhat Abbas & Muhammad Yamin & Fariha Jabeen & Anam Shahzadi & Aitazaz A. Farooque & Muhammad Imtiaz & Allah Ditta & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Phytoextraction of Lead Using a Hedge Plant [ Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson]: Physiological and Biochemical Alterations through Bioresource Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, April.
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    1. Shakeel Ahmad & Fazal Hadi & Amin Ullah Jan & Raza Ullah & Bedur Faleh A. Albalawi & Allah Ditta, 2022. "Appraisal of Heavy Metals Accumulation, Physiological Response, and Human Health Risks of Five Crop Species Grown at Various Distances from Traffic Highway," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.

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